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Ethnography is the study of a particular human society or the process of making such a study. Contemporary ethnography is based almost entirely on fieldwork and requires the complete immersion of the anthropologist in the culture and everyday life of the people who are the subject of his study. Ethnography, by virtue of its intersubjective nature, is necessarily comparative. Given that the anthropologist in the field necessarily retains certain cultural biases, his observations and descriptions must, to a certain degree, be comparative. Thus the formulating of generalizations about culture and the drawing of comparisons inevitably become components of ethnography.
Modern anthropologists usually identify the establishment of ethnography as a professional field with the pioneering work of the Polish-born British anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski in the Trobriand Islands of Melanesia. Ethnographic fieldwork
A. detailed note-taking
B. random selection
C. tape-recording
D. on-the-spot investigation

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{{B}}TEXT E{{/B}}

Ethnography is the study of a particular human society or the process of making such a study. Contemporary ethnography is based almost entirely on fieldwork and requires the complete immersion of the anthropologist in the culture and everyday life of the people who are the subject of his study. Ethnography, by virtue of its intersubjective nature, is necessarily comparative. Given that the anthropologist in the field necessarily retains certain cultural biases, his observations and descriptions must, to a certain degree, be comparative. Thus the formulating of generalizations about culture and the drawing of comparisons inevitably become components of ethnography.
Modern anthropologists usually identify the establishment of ethnography as a professional field with the pioneering work of the Polish-born British anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski in the Trobriand Islands of Melanesia. Ethnographic fieldwork
A. The people who answer his questions.
B. His own cultural background.
C. The kind of information he wants to get.
D. The changes made by his presence in the culture in question.

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[单项选择]{{B}}TEXT D{{/B}}

Study confirms that moderate drinking reduces stroke risk. Similar to the way a drink or two a day protects against heart attacks, moderate alcohol consumption wards off strokes, a new study found.
The study also found that the type of alcohol consumed—beer, wine or liquor-was unimportant. Any of them, or a combination was protective, researchers reported in today’s Journal of the American Medical Association. "No study has shown benefit in recommending alcohol to those who do not drink", cautioned the authors, led by Dr. Ralph L. Sacco of Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York. But the new data support the guidelines of the National Stroke Association, which say moderate drinkers may protect themselves from strokes by continuing to consume alcohol, the authors said.
The protective effect of
A. different wines work differently on drinkers at stroke risk
B. nondrinkers should also consume a moderate amount of alcohol
C. drinkers should keep to one kind of alcohol to ward off strokes
D. moderate alcohol consumption protects against strokes

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The study of philosophies should make our own ideas flexible. We are all of us apt to take certain general ideas for granted, and call them common sense. We should learn that other people have held quite different ideas, and that our own have started as very original guesses of philosophers.
A scientist is apt to think that all the problems of philosophy will ultimately be solved by science. I think this is true for a great many of the questions on which philosophers still argue. For example, Plato thought that when we saw something, one ray of light came to it from the sun, and another from our eyes and that seeing was something like feeling with a stick. We now know that the light comes from the sun, and is reflected into our eyes. We don’ t know in much detail how the changes in our eyes give rise to
A. the development of science really can solve a great many of the problems on which philosophers still argue
B. Plato knew nothing about Physics
C. the scientists have achieved a lot in terms of light theory
D. different people have different ways of perception

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Psychologists study memory and learning with both animal and human subjects. The two experiments reviewed here show how short-term memory has been studied.
Hunter studied short-term memory in rats. He used a special apparatus which had a cage for the rat and three doors. There was a light in each door. First the rat was placed in the closed cage. Next one of the lights was turned on and then off. There was food for the rat only at this door. After the light was turned off the rat had to wait a short time before it was released from its cage. Then, if it went to the correct door, it was rewarded with the food that was there. Hunter did this experiment many times. He always turned on the lights in a random order. The rat had to wait different intervals before it was released from the cage. Hunter found that if the rat had to wait more than ten seconds, it could not remember the correct door. Hunter’s results s
A. where the food was
B. how to leave the cage
C. how big the cage was
D. which light was turned on

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Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge. For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which humans had anything more than the vaguest of insight. It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of preindustrial societies that still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient. This is logical. Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things, even for other plants. The have always been enormously important to the welfare of people, not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes. Tribes living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognized literally hundreds of plants and know
A. To make the passage more poetic.
B. To cite examples of plants that are attractive.
C. To give botanical examples that all readers will recognize.
D. To illustrate the dirversity of botanical life.

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