The Commercial Revolution was not confined, of course, to the growth of trade and banking. Included in it also were fundamental changes in methods of production. The system of manufacture developed by the craft guilds in the later Middle Ages was rapidly becoming defunct. The guilds themselves, dominated by the master craftsmen, had grown selfish and exclusive. Membership in them was commonly restricted to a few privileged families. Besides, they were so completely choked by tradition that they were unable to make adjustments to changing conditions. Moreover, new industries had sprung up entirely outside the guild system. Characteristic examples were mining and smelting and the woolen industry. The rapid development of these enterprises was stimulated by technical advances, such as the invention of the spinning wheel and the discovery of a new method of making brass, which saved about half of the fuel previously used. In the mining and smelting industries a form of organization w
A. Methods of production
B. Appearance of craft guilds
C. Increased trade volume
D. Growth of trade, banking and methods of production
The Commercial Revolution was not confined, of course, to the growth of trade and banking. Included in it also were fundamental changes in methods of production. The system of manufacture developed by the craft guilds in the later Middle Ages was rapidly becoming defunct. The guilds themselves, dominated by the master craftsmen, had grown selfish and exclusive. Membership in them was commonly restricted to a few privileged families. Besides, they were so completely choked by tradition that they were unable to make adjustments to changing conditions. Moreover, new industries had sprung up entirely outside the guild system. Characteristic examples were mining and smelting and the woolen industry. The rapid development of these enterprises was stimulated by technical advances, such as the invention of the spinning wheel and the discovery of a new method of making brass, which saved about half of the fuel previously used. In the mining and smelting industries a form of organization w
A. popular
B. obsolete
C. potential
D. flourishing
The Commercial Revolution was not
confined, of course, to the growth of trade and banking. Included in it also
were fundamental changes in methods of production. The system of manufacture
developed by the craft guilds in the later Middle Ages was rapidly becoming
defunct. The guilds themselves, dominated by the master craftsmen, had grown
selfish and exclusive. Membership in them was commonly restricted to a few
privileged families. Besides, they were so completely choked by tradition that
they were unable to make adjustments to changing conditions. Moreover, new
industries had sprang up entirely outside the guild system. Characteristic
examples were mining and smelting and the woolen industry. The rapid development
of these enterprises was stimulated by technical advances, such as the invention
of the spinning wheel and the discovery of a new method of maki A. Methods of production. B. Appearance of craft guilds. C. Increased trade volume. D. Growth of trade, banking and methods of production. [简答题]Title:
European Commercial Revolution
大致内容
12-14C左右欧洲经济的发展。由于交易方式有变化,运输状况得到了改善,商人信用机制促进了经济的发展。细节题比较多,但是题目都不太难。
[名词解释]Industrial Revolution
[简答题]Commercial Invoice
[简答题]commercial invoice
[填空题]In what respects was Mr. Mitnick confined
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