[单项选择]

Our theory and practice in the area of sentencing have undergone a gradual but dramatic metamorphosis through the years. Primitive man believed that a crime created an imbalance, which could be rectified only by punishing the wrongdoer. Thus, sentencing was initially vengeance-oriented. Gradually, emphasis began to be placed on the deterrent value of a sentence upon future wrongdoing.
Though deterrence is still an important consideration, increased emphasis on the possibility of reforming the offender--of returning him to the community a useful citizen bars the harsh penalties once imposed and brings into play a new set of sentencing criteria. Today, each offender is viewed as a unique individual, and the sentencing judge seeks to know why he has committed the crime and what are the chances of a repetition of the offense. The judge’s prime objective is not to punish but to treat.
This emphasis on treatment of the individual has created a host of new problems
A. a desire to reform
B. imbalance
C. a desire for revenge
D. a desire to deter future wrongdoing

[单项选择]Our theory and practice in the area of sentencing have undergone a gradual but dramatic metamorphosis through the years. Primitive man believed that a crime created an imbalance, which could be rectified only by punishing the wrongdoer. Thus, sentencing was initially vengeance-oriented. Gradually, emphasis began to be placed on the deterrent value of a sentence upon future wrongdoing.
Though deterrence is still an important consideration, increased emphasis on the possibility of reforming the offender--of returning him to the community a useful citizen--bars the harsh penalties once imposed and brings into play a new set of sentencing criteria. Today, each offender is viewed as a unique individual, and the sentencing judge seeks to know why he has committed the crime and what are the chances of a repetition of the offense. The judge’s prime objective is not to punish but to treat.
This emphasis on treatment of the individual has created a host of new problems. In seeking to a
A. tries to punish the offender
B. is callous
C. is inconsistent
D. tries to prevent future crimes

[填空题]Alternative sentencing is considered only good for young offenders.

[名词解释]binding theory

[名词解释]cohort theory

[简答题]Cohort Theory

[填空题]Alternative sentencing is also called "creative justice".

[单项选择]Practice, practice, practice. Studying a word won’t help very much if you quickly forget it. The saying" practice makes perfect" is certainly true in vocabulary learning. Research shows that it takes from 10 to 20 repetitions of a word to really make it a part of your vocabulary. It helps to write down the word—both the definition and a sentence using it—perhaps on an index card, where it can be easily reviewed. Review your index cards regularly to see if you have forgotten any new words.
Repeating a new word less than 10 times, a learner is likely to
A. remember it.
B. forget its meaning.
C. know how to use it.
D. know its spellin

[填空题]Alternative sentencing is so widespread in the U.S. that guidelines should be provided by the federal government.

[填空题]Alternative sentencing is now practiced in ______ states and is spreading fast.

[填空题]Alternative sentencing is also called ______.