| Linguists have understood for decades
that language and thought are closely related. Humans construct reality using
thought and express these thoughts through the use of language. Edward Sapir and
his student Benjamin Whorl are credited with developing the most relevant
explanation outlining the relationship between thought and language, the
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. The hypothesis consists of two parts, linguistic
relativity and linguistic determinism. Supporters of linguistic relativity
assume that culture is shaped by language. Terwilliger defines linguistic
determinism as the process by which "the functions of one’s mind are determined
by the nature of the language which one speaks." In simpler terms, the thoughts
that we construct are based upon the language that we speak and the words that
we use. In its strongest sense, linguisti A. the realities constructed through different languages are different B. language and thought are intimately related to each other C. culture is shaped by language through which it expresses itself D. both the culture and the mind determine the language to be used [单项选择] Behavioral psychologists apprehend that conditioned fear responses to atone previously paired with a shock diminish, if the tone is repeatedly presented without the shock, a process known as extinction. Since Parlor it has been hypothesized that this extinction does not erase conditioning, but forms a new memory. Research has now demonstrated that destruction of the infralimbic cortice blocks recall of fear extinction, indicating that it might store long-term extinction memory. Infralimbic neurons recorded during fear conditioning and extinction fire to the tone only when rats are recalling extinction on the following day, and rats indicating the least fear responses also demonstrate the greatest increase in infralimbic tone responses. Conditioned tones paired with brief electrical stimulation of infralimbic cortex elicit low fear responses in rats that have not undergone extinction. Thus, stimulation resembling extinction-induced infralimbic tone responses is able to simulate extinc
A. The exact length of time required for a fear response to become extinct in a human subject B. The effect of tone conditioning in comparison with other forms of stimuli C. The possible effects of surgical operations on the infralimbic cortice D. The potential of tone conditioning in treating undesirable fear responses E. The limits of Pavlov’’s contribution to modern behavioral psychology [单项选择]Passage Five
|
