Stressful working conditions lead to a breakdown in group co-operation which can damage effectiveness and productivity, a study has found. Psychologists have discovered that when employees work in crisis (21) they are less willing to work together. The study showed that when workers are under stress, they have a strong (22) to concentrate on their own personal (23) to the detriment of their colleagues.
In the study, 100 naval personnel worked in groups of three, and each group was given a computer (24) of a naval decision-making task. Under a high (25) of stress, they had to monitor a radar screen with their own ship at the centre and numerous unidentified contacts around the ship.
As (26) participants operating in this highly stressful situation performed worse than those operating under normal circumstances. But the results also showed that under stress,
A. likelihood
B. probability
C. liking
D. tendency
| Psychologists take opposing views of
how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and
creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their
consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school.
Cognitive researchers, who study; various aspects of mental life, maintain
that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and
gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. "If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challengin A. the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards B. the amount of monetary rewards for students’ creativity C. the study of relationship between actions and their consequences D. the effects of external rewards on students’ performance 我来回答: 提交
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