According to psychologists (心理学家) , all emotion is aroused when a man or animal views something as either bad or good. When a person feels like running away from something he thinks will hurt him, we call this emotion fear. If the person wants to remove the danger by attacking it, we call the emotion anger. The emotions of joy and love are aroused when we think something can help us. An emotion does not have to be created by something in the outside world. It can be created by a person’s thoughts.
Everyone has emotions. Many psychologists believe that infants are born without emotions. They believe children learn emotions just as they learn to read and write. A growing child not only learns his emotions but learns how to act in certain situations because of an emotion.
Psychologists think that there are two types of emotions: positive and negative. Positive emotions include love, liking, joy, delight and hope. They are aroused by something that appeals to a
A. one thinks bad or good
B. one feels in danger
C. one faces in the outside world
D. one tries to escape from real life
| Psychologists take opposing views of
how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and
creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their
consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school.
Cognitive researchers, who study; various aspects of mental life, maintain
that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and
gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. "If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challengin A. the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards B. the amount of monetary rewards for students’ creativity C. the study of relationship between actions and their consequences D. the effects of external rewards on students’ performance [单项选择] Behavioral psychologists apprehend that conditioned fear responses to atone previously paired with a shock diminish, if the tone is repeatedly presented without the shock, a process known as extinction. Since Parlor it has been hypothesized that this extinction does not erase conditioning, but forms a new memory. Research has now demonstrated that destruction of the infralimbic cortice blocks recall of fear extinction, indicating that it might store long-term extinction memory. Infralimbic neurons recorded during fear conditioning and extinction fire to the tone only when rats are recalling extinction on the following day, and rats indicating the least fear responses also demonstrate the greatest increase in infralimbic tone responses. Conditioned tones paired with brief electrical stimulation of infralimbic cortex elicit low fear responses in rats that have not undergone extinction. Thus, stimulation resembling extinction-induced infralimbic tone responses is able to simulate extinc
A. The exact length of time required for a fear response to become extinct in a human subject B. The effect of tone conditioning in comparison with other forms of stimuli C. The possible effects of surgical operations on the infralimbic cortice D. The potential of tone conditioning in treating undesirable fear responses E. The limits of Pavlov’’s contribution to modern behavioral psychology [单项选择]Passage 5
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