[填空题]

Languages are changing all the time, and the English language is no exception. Some people welcome change as healthy; other people regard it as inevitable, but do not welcome it; still other people welcome certain changes but not all’; and still other people regard all changes as bad.
Professor Randolph Quirk pointed out: "Some people imagine that there is one linguistic form on any given occasion, and that language is invariant. They imagine that the form they may have learnt in school is somehow correct and that any difference from it is only private and personal and certainly wrong. Now, for many years, we have been trying to get across to such people the fact that language is subtly different in expressions. Language will enable us to be friendly at one moment, to be dignified, to be pride, to be hurtful even. A single form of language isn’ t really able to do all those things."
The "protectors" of the language often acc

[填空题]Content words are changing all the time whereas ______ words are stable.

[简答题]All languages change over a period of time, for reasons which are imperfectly understood. Or rather, since speech is really a form of human activity, like dancing or playing the piano—and not an entity in itself—it is more exact to say that each successive generation behaves linguistically in a slightly different manner from its predecessors. In his teens the young man is impatient of what he considers to be the unduly stilted vocabulary and pronunciation of his elders and he likes to show how up to date he is by the use of the latest slang, but as the years go by some of his slang becomes standard usage and in any case he slowly grows less receptive to linguistic novelties, so that by the time he reaches his forties he will probably be lamenting the slipshod speech of the younger generation, quite unaware that some of the expressions used in church and law-court were frowned upon by his own parents.

[单项选择]He came back late, （　） which time all the guests had already left.
A. after
B. by
C. at
D. during

[单项选择]He came back late,（） which time all the guests had already left.
A. after
B. by
C. at
D. during

[单项选择]All languages have （　） terms and distinguish at least three characteristics in relatives.
A. generation
B. subtle
C. complicated
D. kinship

[简答题] Programming languages Programming languages are how people talk to computers. The computer would be just as happy speaking any language that was unambiguous. The reason we have high level languages is because people can’’t deal with machine language. The point of programming languages is to prevent our poor frail human brains from being overwhelmed by a mass of detail. Architects know that some kinds of design problems are more personal than others. One of the cleanest, most abstract design problems is designing bridges. There your job is largely a matter of spanning a given distance with the least material. The other end of the spectrum is designing chairs. Chair designers have to spend their time thinking about human bodies. Software varies in the same way. Designing algorithms (运算法则) for routing data through a network is a nice, abstract problem, like designing bridges. Whereas designing programming languages is like designing chairs: it’’s al