[简答题]What are syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations Explain each of them with an example.

参考答案: A)Syntagmatic relation is one between elements that form part of the same form, sequence, construction, etc. For example, between s, p, and r in a form such as spring, or between a subject and a verb in constructions such as Bill hurts.
B)Paradigmatic relation is one holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure. For example, in the context The ______ is smiling, there are constraints on the possible elements occurring here. As is obvious, verbs definitely cannot be used in this place. The most likely candidate is a noun. But there are also strict constraints on the possible type of noun occurring here. First, it must be an animate noun, nouns like book, desk are not possible choices. Second, even within the type of animate nouns, only those which have a semantic component of human are most naturally used with the verb smile. Trees, cats only smile in children’s stories. Thirdly, the noun must be in the singular to occur with is smiling, so nouns like boys, men are excluded. In other words, only singular human nouns like boy, girl, man, woman, student are capable of occurring in this context. And these words are said to he in a paradigmatic relation here. They can substitute for each other without violating syntactic rules.
答案解析: [解析] 本题考查组合关系和聚合关系。组合关系指一个单位，和同一序列中的其他单位之间的关系，或者说是在现场的所有成分之间的关系；聚合关系在结构的某个特殊位置上彼此可以相互替换的成分之间的关系，或