[简答题]Compare and contrast the following pairs of terms. Use exainples if necessary.
(1)norm-referenced test and criterion-referenced test
(2)macro planning and micro planning

参考答案: (A) When we ask how the student performed on the test, we may be given two kinds of answer. An answer of the first kind would be that the student obtained a score that placed her or him in the top ten percent of candidates who have taken the test, or in the bottom five percent; or that she or he did better than sixty percent of those who took it. A test which is designed to give this kind of information is said to be norm-referenced. It relates one candidate’s performance to that of other candidates. We are not told directly what the student is capable of doing in the language.
In some other cases we learn nothing about how the individual’s performance compares with that of other candidates. Rather we learn something about what he or she can actually do in the language. Tests which are designed to provide this kind of information directly are said to be criterion-referenced. The purpose of criterion-referenced tests is to classify people according to whether or not they are able to perform some task or set of tasks satisfactorily.
The two types of tests are used for different purposes but they both serve the purpose of teaching.
(B) Macro planning: A planning over a longer period of time, for instance, planning for a whole program or a whole-year course. This is often done by a group of teachers who are to teach the same course. Micro planning: A planning for a specific unit or a lesson (for one or two weeks; forty or fifty minutes) made by individual teacher. There is no clear-cut between these two types of planning. They are best viewed as a planning continuum with different levels of planning in between. In fact, micro planning should be based on macro planning, and macro planning is apt to be modified as lessons go on.
答案解析: [解析] (1)考查的是测试的两种基本类型，答题时要分别回答什么是norm-referenced test和criterion-referenced test，然后回答两者的关系。(2)主要考查