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New Changes in American Life
Once it was possible to define male and female roles easily by the division of labor. Men worked outside the home and earned the income to support their families,while women cooked the meals and took care of the home and the children.______(46)But by the middle of this centu- ry,men's and women's roles were becoming less firmly fixed.
In the 1950s,economic and social success was the goal of the typical American.But in the l960s a new force developed called the counterculture.______(47)The counterculture presen- ted men and women with new role choices.Taking more interest in childcare,men began to share child-raising tasks with their wives.In fact,some young men and women moved to communal homes or farms where the economic and childcare responsibilities were shared equally by both se- xes.______(48)Some young men refused to be drafted as soldiers to fight in the war in Viet-nam。
In terms of numbers,the counterculture was not a very large group of people.______(49) Working men of all classes began to change their economic and social patterns.Industrial workers and business executives alike cut down on“overtime”work so that they could spend more leisure time with their families.Some doctors,lawyers,and teachers turned away from high paying situa-tions to practice their professions in poorer neighborhoods.
In the 1970s,the feminist movement,or women's liberation,produced additional economic and social changes.Women of all ages and at all levels of society were entering the work force in greater numbers.______(50)But some women began to enter traditionally male occupations: police work,banking,dentistry,and construction work.Women were asking for equal work,and equal opportunities for promotion.
Today the experts generally agree that important changes are taking place in the roles of men and women.Naturally,there are difficulties in adjusting to these transformations.
______(50)
A.In addition,many Americans did not value the traditional male role of soldier.
B.Most of them still took traditional women's jobs as public school teaching,nursing,and secretarial work.
C.These roles were firmly fixed for most people,and there was not much opportunity for women to exchange their roles.
D.But its influence spread to many parts of American society.
E.The people involved in this movement did not value the middle-class American goals.
F.A great many jobs that used to belong to men are now taken by women.
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Changes in Museums
Museums have changed.They are no longer places that one"should"visit;they are places to enjoy and learn.
At a science museum in Ontario,Canada,you can feel your hair stand on end as harmless electricity passes through your body.At the Metropolitan（大城市的）Museum of Art in New York City , you can look at the seventeenth century instruments while listening to their music.At New York's American Museum of Natural History recently,you can help make a bone-by- bone reproduction of the museum's dinosaur（恐 龙）,a beast that lived 200 million years ago.
More and more museum directors are realizing that people learn best when they can somehow become part of what they are seeing.In many science museums,for example,there are no guided tours.The visitor is encouraged to touch,listen,operate,and experiment so as to discover scientific principles for himself. The purpose is not only to provide fun but also to help people feel at home in the world of science.The theory is that people who do not understand science will probably fear it,and those who fear science will not use it to best advantage.
One cause of all these changes is the increase in wealth and leisure time.Another cause is the rising percentage of young people in the population.Many of these young people are college students or college graduates.Leon
F.Twiggs,a young black professor of art once said,"They see things in a new and different way.They are not satisfied to stand and look at works of art;they want art they can participate（参加）in."The same is true of science and history.
Young people who are well-educated like the art they can participate in.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
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New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot after the way sunlight re- flects off snow.According to a computer simulation,black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century. Soot in the higher latitudes（维度）of the Earth,where ice is more common , absorbs more of the sun's energy and warmth than an icy,white background. Dark-colored black carbon,or soot, absorbs sunlight,while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.
Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change.Also,if snow and ice covered areas begin melting,the warming effect increase,as the soot becomes more con-centrated on the snow surface.“This provides a positive feedback,as glaciers and ice sheets melt, they tend to get even dirtier.”said Dr. James Hansen,a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies,New York.
Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo（反照率）,which may be contributing to trends to-ward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere,such as thinning Arctic sea ice and melting glac-iers permafrost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.
“Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space,thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon,”Hansen said. Soot's increased absorp-tion of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's climate.“ This forcing is unusual-ly effective,causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magni-tude.”Hansen noted.
Hansen cautioned,although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial,it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century .Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of the century.
The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were coherent with the researchers' climate model situations,which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.
The largest warming effects happened in the Northern Hemisphere with_____.
A.thin sea ice and insufficient sunlight
B.light、 snow cover and sufficient sunlight
C.heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight
D.thick sea ice and sufficient sunlight
