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Early or Later Day Care
The British psychoanalyst John Bowiby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive "attachment"period from birth to three may scar a child's personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby's work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails,and many people do believe this.But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.
Firstly,anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies.For example,in some tribal societies,such as the Ngoni,the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone-far from it.Secondly,common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents,care-takers found children had problems with it.Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out,and even if they were,the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial.Thirdly,in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care,and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children's development.But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.
But Bowlby's analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects.The possibility that such care might lead to,say,more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics.Whatever the long-term effects,parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with.Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness.At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy,and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time.The matter,then,is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.
Which of the following statements is NOT an argument against Bowlby's theory?
A.Many studies show that day care has a positive effect on children's development.
B.The fact that there are so many nursery schools today shows that day care is safe.
C.The separation of young children from their parents is common in some traditional societies.
D.Parents find the immediate effects of early day care difficult to deal with.
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Early or Later Day Care The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment”period from birth to three may scar a child's personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby's work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental sepa-ration it entails,and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion. Firstly,anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies.For example,in some tribal societies,such as the Ngoni,the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant a-lone—far from it .Secondly,common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread to-day if parents,care—takers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out,and even if they were,the results would be certain to be complicat-ed and controversial.Thirdly,in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care,and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neural or slightly positive effect on children's development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue. But Bowlby's analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects.The possi- bility that such care might lead to,say,more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics.Whatever the long-term effects,parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with.Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness.At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy,and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time.The matter,then,is far from clear-cut,though experience and available evi- dence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.
Which of the following best expresses the writer's attitude towards early day care?
A.The effects of early day care on children are exaggerated and parents should ignore the issue.
B.The issue is controversial and its settlement calls for the use of statistics.
C.Early day care has positive effects on children's development.
D.Children under three should stay with their parents.
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Garlic
From early times man has used garlic（大蒜）.The Bible speaks of it. The Israelites（古以色列人）were once far from home. They cried out to Moses , their leader , for the foods they loved : leeks （韭菜）,onions,and garlic. The Romans,like the Israelites,loved to eat garlic. And they hung bags of garlic around their necks.________(46)They also thought it would keep them from getting sick.
A similar idea is still held.Many people take garlic thinking it will prevent or cure disease. Most doctors say it does no such thing.________(47)Its smell may force people to stay far apart. At least then they can't pass germs on to each other.________(48)What if you're in a play,for instance?Actors have been known to forget their lines because they couldn't stand the garlic smell on a fellow actor's breath.Some have even made up new lines and actions that kept them far away from the one who had eaten garlic.
Through the years man has tried to cope with the smell of garlic.________(49)We now know why.It's been found that the oils of the garlic do not stick to the teeth,tongue,or gums（齿跟）. They go into the lungs instead.From there they are breathed out.They pass out through the skin too.
Strange as it seems,food may have a great deal of garlic in it without smelling or tasting strong. It all depends on how it is cooked.French cooks make a good soup with whole cloves（瓣）of garlic. They use more than thirty cloves in one bowl of soup.But they take care not to crush them.And they cook them whole.________(50)And as the cloves cook they change in some strange way.The soup turns out to be delicious.It's not strong at all.
_________（50）
A.But no medicine,mouthwash,chewing gum,or toothpaste seems to help much.
B.As a result,the strong oils stay in the cloves.
C.They say it may help in one way,though.
D.Many people eat garlic.
E.But keeping your distance can be hard at times.
F.They hoped it would keep away the evil eye.
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Father's Day:All Happy Families Are Alike
Some writers are so consumed by their art that their families are eclipsed,while other writers manage an enviable closeness with their loved ones.On the occasion of Father's Day,RBTH recalls what kind of fathers the great Russian writers were and what became of their children.
Leo Tolstoy,the giant of Russian literature,and his wife Sofia had 13 children,five of whom died in childhood.Tolstoy was very attentive to his family,but as his daughter Tatyana recalled, "________(46)"Tolstoy was more interested in them when they had grown up a little,when he would play with them and tell them stories.
His love for his family did not deter the Count and prominent writer from giving away his property to the poor,________(47)The youngest daughter Alexandra became closest of all to Tolstoy, and she became the literary executor of his estate.
Today there are more than 400 descendants of Tolstoy,the most famous of which is the writer Tatyana Tolstaya and her son Artemy Lebedev,a designer and popular blogger. Vladimir Tolstoy is the director of the"Yasnaya Polyana"Museum on the Tolstoy family estate,________(48)
Four children were born to the jewel in the crown of Russian literature,the poet Alexander Pushkin,and his wife Natalya: daughters Maria and Natalya and sons Alexander and Grigory. Pushkin became distraught（忧心如焚的）when he first saw his daughter Maria. Considering himself unattractive and finding her to resemble him,________(49)But he was worrying unduly.
Maria grew into a pretty young girl and a future lady-in-waiting（侍女）to the Empress, and some say that Tolstoy even gave her likeness to Anna Karenina. His eldest son Alexander emerged as a hero of the Russian-Turkish war and attained the rank of general,while the youngest son Grigory became a magistrate（法官）.
Pushkin's youngest daughter,the beautiful Natalya,was born just eight months before her father's fateful duel. She became the morganatic（非皇室的）spouse of the Prussian Prince Nikolai. Maria and Grigory did not have children,while Alexander fathered 13,and Natalya six.________ (50)
_______（48）
A.he was deeply anxious for the little girl.
B.which caused some tension within the family.
C.Today more than 200 descendants of Pushkin live around the world.
D.Russian is famous for her many literary giants.
E.he never showed tenderness to the very small children.
F.where the descendants hold family reunions every two years.
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Early Ideas about the Universe
1 Early man got his ideas about the universe by looking at the stars as you do.He
observed carefully,and learned many things about the sun,the moon,and the stars.
2 Suppose you were asked to collect evidence about the sun as early man did.You might
go out morning after morning and see it come up in the east.Even on cloudy mornings,you
would observe that the darkness goes away and the world becomes light.You might not see
the sun but would be sure it is there,because you notice that the earth warms up.As you
continued,the sun climbs higher in the sky each day during part of the year. It stays in the
sky longer. The earth gets warmer. Things begin to grow. It is spring and then summer.
3 After a while the sun stays in the sky for shorter and shorter periods.Many plants begin
to die.Leaves fall.Winter comes.Year after year this is repeated and you cannot tell
exactly why it happens.But you realize that the sun seems to make the difference.
Primitive（原始的）man felt that since the sun was so powerful it must be a god. It may
seem silly to us now to worship（崇拜）a sun-god, but primitive man was right about the
importance of the sun to life on earth.
4 You have been told that the world is round.But suppose no one had ever taught you
that the world was like a huge ball.Would you have ever thought of it yourself?You cannot
see the curve（曲线）of the earth at once. You would have no idea of how big it was.
That's why early man believed that the earth was small and flat.Such ideas appeared from
the evidence they had.
5 If you watch the stars night after night,you will see them rise and set.As you look at
the sky,it is not difficult to imagine that you are in the center of a vast collection of twinkling
（闪烁）lights. Some early astronomers（天文学家）believed the sky was a crystal shell or
series of crystal shells,one inside the other. They believed this because that is what the
night sky looked like.For many centuries,men believed that the earth was the center of
the universe and that the sun,the moon,and the stars circled around it.
Paragraph 4_________
A.Early Ideas about the Sky and the Stars
B.The Importance of the Sun to Life on Earth
C.Primitive Knowledge of the Moon
D.The Sun in Autumn and Winter
E.Early Ideas about the Earth
F.Collecting Evidence about the Sun
