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Solar Storm
At the end of October 2003,a sudden solar storm hit the earth.A solar storm refers to
the large amounts of charged particles released into space_________(1)the solar energy
increases.The release of the energy_________(2)place along with the activity of the
sunspots with a cycle of 11 years.This time,the_________(3)of the storm exceeded
expectations.
This_________(4)of intense solar storm was caused by the eruption of a solar flare
（闪光）and the ejection（喷发）of the solar corona（日冠）on October28, 2003. Large
amounts of charged particles moved 150, 000,000 kilometers through space toward the
_________(5)in 19 hours. They could affect aircraft roaming（漫游）in space.
The high-energy particles will_________(6)some of the parts of an aircraft.They
may also cause it to fail.High-energy particles can threaten the safety of an aircraft at a
high orbit.If an aircraft orbits at a lower orbit,it is_________(7)because it is under the
protection of the earth's magnetic field.
A solar storm not only affects aircraft but also is a_________(8)to the environment
and humans.The aerosphere and magnetic field of the earth can_________(9)humans
from ultraviolet radiation and X-rays. While most of the X-rays are absorbed after they enter
the aerosphere（大气层）,still a few can_________(10) the ground.
The geomagnetic storm caused by this round of solar storm reaches its highest level on
the two_________(11)of the earth,which affects electricity supply of North America.
Overexposure to_________(12)threatens the health of passengers on planes flying over
the Polar Regions.If we fly in the sky during such a solar storm,it_________(13)we
receive ten times the X-ray radiation.It's really damaging.
Scientists say a solar eruption is like the sun sneezing,which will make the earth
_________(14)a cold.Though this natural force is irresistible,scientists can still
_________(15)its movement accurately by monitoring.Facing successive solar storms,
humans can't drop their guard.
_________(9)
A.separate
B.benefit
C.distinguish
D.protect
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Solar Power Without Solar Cells
A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan researchers
could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.
The researchers found a way to make an"optical________(51)",said Stephen Rand,a professor in
the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Physics and Applied Physics.
Light has electric and magnetic_______(52).Until now,scientists thought the effects of the mag-
netic field were so weak that they could be________(53).What Rand and his colleagues found is that at
the right intensity,when light is traveling through a material that does not_________(54)electricity,the
light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than previously expected.Under
these circumstances,the magnetic effects develop strength_________(55)to a strong electric effect.
"This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce
charge separation,"Rand said."In solar cells,the_________(56)goes into a matenal,gets absorbed and
creates heat.Here,we expect to have a very low heat load.Instead of the light being absorbed,energy is
stored in the magnetic moment.Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately
capable of providing a capacitive power________(57)."What makes this possible is a previously unde-
tected brand of"optical rectification",says William Fisher,a doctoral student in applied physics.In tradi-
tional optical rectification,light's electric field causes a charge separation,or a pulling_________(58)of
the positive and negative charges in a material.This sets up a voltage,similar to______(59)in a
battery.
Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials,the light's
magnetic field can also create optical rectification.The light must be shone through a________(60)that
does not conduct electricity,such as glass.And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per
square centimeter. Sunlight isn't this_______(61)on its own,but new materials are being sought that
would work at lower intensities,Fisher said.
"In our most recent paper,we show that incoherent light like sunlight is theoretically almost
_________(62)effective in producing charge separation as laser light is,"Fisher said.
This new_________(63)could make solar power cheaper,the researchers say.They predict that with
improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in converting solar power to usable energy.That's
equivalent to today's commercial-grade solar cells.
"To manufacture modern solar cells,you have to do. _______(64)semiconductor processing,"
Fisher said."All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it.Glassworks for
_________ (65).It's already made in bulk,and it doesn't require as much processing.Transparent
ceramics might be even better."
_________(61)
A.bright
B.faint
C.visible
D.intense
