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Many objects in d"的相关试题:
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Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance, were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers-use nonscientific modes of thought. This kind of thinking way is different
from science. Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology, it has been non-verbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our material surroundings. Pyramids, cathedrals, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.
The creative shaping process of a technologist's mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness.
What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should valves be placed? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form. Some decisions such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary.
Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curriculum. Nonverbal thinking of a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock-in-trade of the artist, not the scientist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail "hard thinking", nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive process and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff began the Historic American. Engineering Record wished to have drawing made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of America engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.
If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations: they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.
What is the author's attitude towards design courses?
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A.Indifferent.
B.Disapproving.
C.Suspicious.
D.Supporting.
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I am one of the many city people who are always saying that given the choice we should preterto live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a large city. I have managed to convincemyself that if it weren't for my job I would immediately head out for the open spaces and go backto nature in some sleepy village buried in the country. But how realistic is the dream?
Cities can be frightening places. The majority of the population live in massive tower blocks,noisy, dirty and impersonal. The sense of belonging to a community tends to disappear when youlive fifteen floors up. All you can see from your windows is sky, or other blocks of flats. Childrenbecome aggressive and nervous--cooped up at home all day, with nowhere to play; their mothefeel islated from the rest of the world. Strangely enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all knew each other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks don't even say hello to each other.
Country life, on the other hand, differs i~om this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally binds the inhabitants of small villages together. People have the advantage of knowing that there is always someone to turn to when they need help. But country life has disadvantages too. While it is true that you may be among fiSends in a village, it is also true that you are from the exciting and important events that take place in cities. There's little possibility of going to a new show or the latest movie. Shopping becomes a major problem, anti for anythingslightly out of the ordinary you have to go on an expedition to the nearest large town. The city dweller who leaves for the country, is often oppressed by a sense of unbearable stillness and quiet.
What, then, is the answer? The country has the advantage of peace and quiet, but suffers ti'om the disadvantage of being cut off; the city breeds a feeling of isolation, and constant noise batters the senses. But one of its tnain advantages is that you are at the centre of things; and that life doesn't come to an end at half past nine at night. Some people have found(or rather bought) a compromise between the two: they have expressed their preference for the"quiet life" by leaving the suburbs and moving to villages within commuting distance of large cities. They generally have about as much sensitivity as the plastic flowers they leave behind--they are polluted with strange ideas about change and improvement which they force on to the unwilling original inhabitants of the villages.
The best title of the passage may be
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A.Country Life Has Many Advantages
B.City People Prefer Village to City
C.Country Life and City Life
D.Cit" Life is Better Than Country Life
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Polyester (聚酯 ) is now being used for bottles. ICI, the chemicals and plastics company, believes that it is now beginning to break the grip of glass on the bottle business and thus take advantage of this huge market.
All the plastics manufacturers have been experiencing hard times as their traditional products have been doing badly world-wide for the last few years. Between 1982 and 1984 the Plastics Division of ICI had lost a hundred and twenty million dollars, and they felt that the most hopeful new market was in packaging, bottles and cans.
Since 1982 it has opened three new factories producing "Melinar", the raw material from which high quality polyester bottles are made.
The polyester bottle was born in the 1970s, when soft drinks companies like Coca Cola started selling their drinks in giant two-liter containers. Because of the build-up of the pressure of gas in these large containers, glass was unsuitable. Nor was PVC, the plastic which had been used for bottles since the 1960s, suitable for drinks with gas in them. A new plastic had to be made.
Glass is still cheaper for the smaller bottles and will continue to be so, unless oil and plastic become much cheaper, but plastic does well for the larger sizes.
Polyester bottles are virtually unbreakable. The manufacturers claim they are also lighter, less noisy when being handled, and can be reused. Shopkeepers and other business people are unlikely to object to a change from glass to polyester, since these bottles mean few breakages, which are costly and time-consuming. The public, though, have been more difficult to persuade. ICI's commercial department is developing different bottles with interesting shapes, to try and make them visually more attractive to the public.
The next step could be to develop a plastic which could replace tins for food. The problem here is the high temperatures necessary for cooking the food in the container.
Plastic containers for holding, food in the same way as cans__________.
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A.have been used for many years
B.are an idea that interests the plastics companies
C.are possible, but only for hot food
D.are the first things being made in the new factories
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Often heard people complain about, why not my face, why so bad weather today, why do I livein such a poor family, why God told me ... why should we complain about it complained that it?Life was not all the best, life was not perfect, on the contrary, the ups and downs, is the routine. Do not complain, evervone's life will not be easy, but precisely because of these?twists and turns?infolding wave, acquired a colourful life.
If we can often look at the issue from another angle, you might easily find the life is still veryexciting. You can't change the face, smile, why don't you think about indulgence; you can'tchange the weather, why don't you change the mood? As the saying goes: after the storm. The sameis true of life, after training can often make life wonderful.
China, a writer came to the United States, he saw a flower of the old lady is always veryhappy, very strange. He would pick a flower asked:"Why are you always so happy?" Replied theold lady. And it made the writer stand in amazement."That Jesus was crucified is the world'sdarkest day, three days later to Easter. All the trouble to wait for three days as long as the right notto vanish into thin air?" Writer for the old lady answered and moved an old lady could look at thisfree and easy life, could see so thoroughly to life. King inventors--Edison filament do in order tofind the best materials have been done a 1,000 experiment many times and failed. Have a laugh athis neighbour, "Do you know to do 1,000 experiments have failed many times?" Edison said, "I amnot found more than 1,000 kinds of inappropriate material filament so it?" Edison failed to look atfrom another angle, he is quite sure that it can be the most suitable materials, is precisely becauseof this self-confidence, they are able to make unremitting efforts, finally successful.
People to love life, love life, to have self-confidence, it is necessary to make unremitting effortstowards the target, like Ai Qing said, "Even if we are a candle, wax should be dry before the torchashes tears; even though we are a match should be at the crucial moment there is a ray of light," ifso, will the meaning of our lives, our lives will be able to issue a strange glory. Finally, I had toremind you that in the face of setbacks, do not complain about it complained that the old, and tolearn how to transform the issue of perspective, so that life is not susceptible to "rain" by knockout.
qaat is the author's attitude towards life?
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A.Positive.
B.Indifferent.
C.Pessimistic.
D.Radical.
