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Stanford University
1 Stanford University,famous as one of northern California's several institutions of higher
learning,is sometimes called"the Harvard of the West."The closeness of Stanford to San
Francisco,a city thirty-two miles to the north,gives the university a decidedly cosmopolitan
（世界性的）flavor.
2 The students are enrolled mainly from the western United States.But most of the fifty
states send students to Stanford,and many foreign students study here,as well.And
standards for admission remain high.Young men and women are selected to enter the
university from the upper fifteen per cent of their high school classes.
3 Not only because of the high caliber（素质）of its students but also because of the
desirable location and climate,Stanford has attracted to its faculty some of the world's most
respected scholars.The university staff has included many Nobel prize winners such as
Dr.Felix Bloch,Dr.Robert Hofstadter,and Dr.William Shockley in physics,Dr.Author
Kornberg and Dr.Joshua Lederberg in medicine,and Dr.Paul J.Flory and Dr.Linus Pauling
in chemistry.The Russian novelist Aleksandr Solzhenistsyn has been in residence.
Stanford's undergraduate school of engineering and its graduate schools of business,law,
and medicine are especially well-regarded.
4 What is student life like on"The Farm"?Culturally,the campus is a magnet for both
students and citizens of nearby communities.Plays,concerts,and operas are performed
in the university's several auditoriums and in its outdoor theater,where graduations are also
held.Several film series are presented during the school year.Guest lecturers from public
and academic life frequently appear on campus.In the evenings,many students gather to
socialize in the Student Union's coffee house ; here the beverages（饮料）and the
atmosphere both have a decidedly European flavor.For the sports-minded,the Stanford
campus offers highly developed athletic facilities.Team sports,swimming,and track and
field activity are all very much part of the Stanford picture.So are bicycling and jogging.
5 In addition to financial support from alumni（校友）,Stanford receives grants from the
government and from private philanthropic（慈善的）foundations.In recent years,
government grants have made possible advanced studies in the fields of history,
psychology,education,and atomic energy.At present Stanford is carrying out an
ambitious building program,financed in part by the Ford Foundation's 25 million grant.
Recently added to the campus are a new physics building,new school of business,new
graduate school of law,new student union,and undergraduate library.
Financial support from both private organizations and the government has made possible_________.
A.they can find the best students
B.the university's academic advancement and physical extension
C.some of the most distinguished scholars of the world
D.where a sports meet is held every year
E.must have been the top students in their classes
F.must be hard working
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第一篇
How the First Stars in the Universe Came into Existence
Researchers believe that our universe began with the Big Bang（宇宙大爆炸）about 13 billion years
ago,and that soon after that event,matter began to form as small dust grains and gases.How the first stars
formed from this dust and gas has been a burning question for years,but a state-of-the-art computer simula-
tion now offers the most detailed picture yet of how these first stars in the universe came into existence.
The composition of the early universe was quite different from that of today,and the physics that
governed the early universe were also somewhat simpler. Dr. Naoki Yoshida and colleagues in Japan and the
U.S.incorporated these conditions of the early universe,sometimes referred to as the"cosmic dark ages",to
simulate the formation of an astronomical object that would eventually shine its light into this darkness.
The result is a detailed description of the formation of a protostar（原恒星）一the early stage of a mas-
sive primordial（原始的）star of our universe , and the researchers ' computer simulation , which has been
called a"cosmic Rosetta Stone"sets the bar for further investigation into the star formation process.The ques-
tion of how the first stars evolved is so important because their formations and eventual explosions provided
the seeds for subsequent stars to come into being.
According to their simulation,gravity acted on minute density variations in matter,gases,and the myste-
riou;"dark matter"of the universe after the Big Bang in order to form this early stage of a star一a protostar
with a mass of just one percent of our sun. The simulation reveals how pre-stellar（前恒星的）gases would
have actually evolved under the simpler physics of the early universe to form this protostar.
Dr. Yoshida's simulation also shows that the protostar would likely evolve into a massive star capable of
synthesizing（合成）heavy elements,not just in later generations of stars,but soon after the Big Bang.
"This general picture of star formation,and the ability to compare how stellar objects form in different
time periods and regions of the universe,will eventually allow investigation into the origins of life and
planets,"said Lars Herriquist,a professor of Astronomy at Harvard University and a co-author of this latest
report."The abundance of elements in the universe has increased as stars have accumulated,"he says,"and
the formation and destruction of stars continues to spread these elements further across the universe.So all of
the elements in our bOdies originally formed from nuclear reactions in the centers of stars,long ago."
Their simulation of the birth of a protostar in the early universe signifies a key step toward the ambitious
goal of piecing together the formation of an entire primordial star and of predicting the mass and properties of
these first stars of the universe.More powerful computers,more physical data,and an even larger range will
be needed for further calculations and simulations,but these researchers hope to eventually extend this simu-
lation to the point of nuclear reaction initiation一when a stellar object becomes a true star.
"Dr. Yoshida has taken the study of primordial star formation to a new level with this simulation,but it
still gets us only to the halfway point towards our final goal.It is like laying the foundation of a skyscraper,"
said Volker Bromm,assistant professor of Astronomy at the University of Texas, Austin and the author of a
companion article."We must continue our studies in this area to understand how the initially tiny protostar
grows,layer by layer,to eventually form a massive star. But here,the physics become much more complicated
and even more computational resources are needed."
According to the last paragraph,all of the following are the goals of the simulation project EXCEPT__________.
A.to know more about the mass and properties of the first stars of the universe
B.to simulate the process of how the early universe began
C.to apply the. simulation to the study of nuclear reaction initiation
D.to discover the truth about the formation of a protostar
