For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies and other creatures learn to de things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with
A. are directly related to pleasure
B. will meet their physical needs
C. will bring them a feeling of success
D. will satisfy their curiosity
M: Now you spent, er, quite some time, er, as a beat officer or on the beat. Is that right
W: That’s right.
M: When you were training
W: Yes.
M: How long was that for
W: Approximately three and a half years before I specialised as such.
M: And ... and what would that involve
W: It involves doing shift system which is early, lates, nights.
M: Early, lates and nights. Can you explain what hours they are
W: The early shift starts at six o’clock in the morning till two o’clock in the afternoon. Then you’ve got the late shift from two o’clock in the afternoon to ten o’clock at night. And then night duty from ten pm until six am, because obviously all stations have to be manned twenty-four hours a day.
M: Is there any particular aspect of the work that you prefer
W: Not really, er. You do have your preferences. I mean, if it’s pouring down with rain you pref
A. Intervene with beatings.
B. Do the shift work.
C. Drive in a rain.
D. Be at the police station 24 hours.
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