[多项选择]For a keynote speaker at a conference on wilderness conservation, Pavan Sukhdev possessed astrange job title: banker. Sukhdev, a high-ranking executive of Deutsche Bank who helped build India’s modern financial markets, had a fiscal message to deliver. The loss of forests is costing the global economy between $ 2.5 trillion and $ 4.5 trillion a year, he said. Many trillions more in costs arise from the loss of vegetation to filter water, bees to pollinate crops, microbes to breakdown toxins, and dozens of other "ecosystem services. "
For centuries, economies have risen and collapsed based on the market value of the products extracted from nature-timber, coal, metals, game. And yet the value of much of what nature supplies hasn’t been reflected in the numbers. A new movement now seeks to put this right by attaching an economic value to the services nature provides. The idea is predicated on the notion that since a paper mill, say, needs water as well as trees, there should be some