[单项选择]The author refers to the increase in animal bones in the fourth paragraph primarily in order to
A. demonstrate the increase of the availability of grazing mammals during the desiccation of the African landscape
B. suggest a reason why robust proto-humans eventually failed in the competition with Homo for animal prey
C. provide proof that environmental changes did indeed occur around a time of rapid evolution for Homo
D. explain the means by which Homo was able to make use of the appearance of the antelope and gazelle
E. offer evidence that with the desiccation of the African landscape, Homo’s diet changed from that of the australopithecine

[单项选择]Stone tools, animal bones and an incised mammoth tusk found in Russia’s frigid far north have provided what archaeologists say is the first evidence that modem humans or Neanderthals lived in the Arctic more than 30,000 years ago, at least 15, 000 years earlier than previously thought．
A team of Russian and Norwegian archaeologists, describing the discovery in today’s issue of the journal Nature, said the campsite, at Mamontovaya Kurya, on the Ural River at the Arctic Circle, was the"oldest documented evidence for human presence at this high latitude"．Digging in the bed of an old river channel close to the Ural Mountains, the team uncovered 123 mammal bones, including horse, reindeer and wolf．"The most important find, "they said, was a four-foot mammoth tusk with grooves made by chopping with a sharp stone edge, "unequivocally the work of humans"．The tusk was carbon-dated at about 36, 600 years old．Plant remains found among the artifacts were dated at 30, 000 to 31, 000 years．A. It shows that modem humans lived in the Arctic more than 3,000 years ago.
B. It shows that Neanderthals lived in the Arctic more than 3,000 years ago.
C. It shows the oldest documented evidence for human presence at such high latitude.
D. It shows human could use tools 30,000 years ago.

[单项选择]The author refers to "external mechanisms" primarily in order to
A. suggest that a biochemical analysis of dinosaur thermoregulation might be a waste of time
B. suggest that other means than warm-bloodedness may account for evidence of dinosaur thermoregulation
C. explain why scientists are interested in looking for an absence of seasonal variations in oxygen 18 traces
D. suggest that metabolic rates, not warm-bloodedness, may have been the key factor in certain dinosaurs’ survival
E. imply that other factors beside temperature may dictate the ratio of oxygen isotopes

[单项选择]The author refers to the example of Oedipus the King (line 15) most likely in order to
A. suggest that Aristotle did not consider Greek tragedy which involved accidental crimes to be truly sound in dramatic terms
B. argue that exceptions existed in Greek tragedy to Aristotle’s principle that intentional crimes were more impressive
C. suggest that protagonists who committed accidental crimes in Greek tragedies tended to be better received than intentional criminals
D. to suggest that the spectator of a tragedy featuring an accidental crime would himself feel pity and terror
E. illustrate an application of Aristotle’s theory of character to a specific dramatic example

[填空题]By "functionally illiterate", the author refers to ______.

[单项选择]The author refers to an artist and a doctor（）
A. in order to show the fact that students can become good doctors and artists
B. because both the artist and the doctor were once students
C. in order to make people know how a teacher feels when he succeeds in creating a human being.
D. because an artist can make a picture and a doctor can hear sick pulse

[单项选择]The author refers to the "largest fish" (lines 11-12) primarily in order to
A. suggest a refuge from the long history of sexist literary criticism
B. offer a sense of political purpose that can only be awakened through literature
C. articulate the possibility for escape from the confines of gendered identity
D. reference a unique feminist identity that must be extracted somehow from the body
E. indicate a source of the patriarchal identification traditionally suffered by women writers

[单项选择]A （） refers to an animal that is born from its mother’s body, not form an egg, and drinks its mother’s milk as a baby．
A. mammoth
B. penguin
C. mosquito
D. mammal

[单项选择]The author of the book On the Human Animal was not at all dubious of the disastrous future of human’s life in that respect.
A. ambiguous
B. doubtful
C. assured
D. confident

[多项选择]
Briefly, animal communication is any behavior on the part of one animal that has an effect on the current or future behavior of another animal. The most obvious form of communication is vocalization. It plays an essential role in many tasks, from mating rituals to warning of danger; from conveying the location of food sources to social learning. Probably the most striking of these involves warning signals. The survival value of warning other species members of the presence of predators and facilitating their escape is obvious. They can also adopt different tactics to cope with the threat, for example gathering into a group to ward off attack.
Question: Using information from the reading and the lecture, explain how meerkats vary their alarm signal when facing with the attacks from different predators.
Now hear a talk on the same subject.

[单项选择]Competence refers to
A. the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.
B. the ideal knowledge of meaning of sentences.
C. what speakers can do with certain languages.
D. the realization of the language user’s knowledge in utterances.

[单项选择]AIO refers to
A. actions, involvement and options.
B. activities, interests and opinions.
C. advertising, impact and opportunities.

[单项选择] Some animal behaviorists argue that certain animals can remember past events, anticipate future ones, make plans and choices, and coordinate activities within a group. These scientists, however, are cautious about the extent to which animals can be credited with conscious processing. Explanations of animal behavior that leave out any sort of consciousness at all and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswered. One example of such unexplained behavior: Honeybees communicate the sources of nectar to one another by doing a dance in a figure-eight pattern. The orientation of the dance conveys the position of the food relative to the sun’’s position in the sky, and the speed of the dance tells how far the food source is from the hive. Most researchers assume that the ability to perform and encode the dance is innate and shows no special intelligence. But in one study, when experimenters kept changing the site of the food source, each time moving the food 25 p
A. be an indicator of cognitive ability
B. vary among individuals within a species
C. be related to food consumption
D. correspond to levels of activity