A recent phenomenon in present-day science and technology is the increasing trend towards "directed" or "programmed" research, i.e. research whose scope and objectives are predetermined by private or government organizations rather than researchers themselves. Any scientist working for such organizations and investigation in a given field therefore tends to do so in accordance with a plan or programmed designed beforehand.
At the beginning of the century, however, the situation was quite different. At that time there were no industrial research organizations in the modern sense: the laboratory unit consisted of a few scientists at the most, assisted by one or two technicians, often working with inadequate equipment in unsuitable rooms. Nevertheless, the scientist was free to choose any subject for investigation he liked, since there was no predetermined programmed to which he had to conform.As the century developed, the increasing magnitude and complex
A. because no government would prefer.
B. because there were no industrial research organization.
C. and scientists were allowed complete freedom to do the research they want to.
D. in which insufficient equipment and instruments were available.
A recent phenomenon in present-day science and technology is the increasing trend towards "directed" or "programmed" research, i.e. research whose scope and objectives are predetermined by private or government organizations rather than researchers themselves. Any scientist working for such organizations and investigation in a given field therefore tends to do so in accordance with a plan or programmed designed beforehand.
At the beginning of the century, however, the situation was quite different. At that time there were no industrial research organizations in the modern sense: the laboratory unit consisted of a few scientists at the most, assisted by one or two technicians, often working with inadequate equipment in unsuitable rooms. Nevertheless, the scientist was free to choose any subject for investigation he liked, since there was no predetermined programmed to which he had to conform.As the century developed, the increasing magnitude and complex
A. In programmed research scientists has a supposed program to go by.
B. Government departments apply programmed research on an increasing scale nowadays.
C. Applied science and pure science rely on each other.
D. Private industrial departments are not a little interested in long-term research.
46) A recent phenomenon in present-day science and technology is the increasing trend toward "directed" or "programmed" research; i.e. research whose scope and objectives are predetermined by private or government organizations rather than researchers themselves. Any scientist working for such organizations and investigating in a given field therefore tends to do so in accordance with a plan or program designed beforehand.
At the beginning of the century, however, the situation was quite different. At that time there were no industrial research organizations in the modern sense: the laboratory unit consisted of a few scientists at the most, assisted by one or two technicians. 47) Nevertheless, the scientist, often working with inadequate equipment in unsuitable rooms, was free to choose any subject for investigation he liked, since there was no predetermined program to which he had to conform.
48) As the century developed, the
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