[单项选择]According to the passage, Pfaffman’s theory differs from that which has been most recently considered by scientists in that it
A. postulates that peripheral neurons do not respond to a greater extent to stimuli representing a single taste quality
B. ignores the crucial difference between central and peripheral gustatory neurons in their role as mechanisms of taste
C. implies that the activity of any individual taste cell, taken by itself, is ambiguous
D. fails to acknowledge that specific gustatory neurons are associated with particular tastes
E. relies primarily upon research data that has come from human, rather than animal, subjects

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[单项选择]According to the passage, Anderson’s theory explains the longevity of British colonial authority in India because the British
A. offered great flexibility and authority to the local elites with whom they were obliged to negotiate
B. felt a great temptation to act unilaterally and exercise military authority of their Indian possessions
C. became more deeply enmeshed in the politics of the Indian subcontinent than was strategically appropriate
D. managed to convince the local elites that submission to the British would be economically advantageous for all parties
E. resisted successfully the attempts of local power brokers to revise the terms of their negotiations

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[单项选择]The passage suggests that Quine’s theory differs from that of linguistic expressivism in that Quine’s theory does NOT
A. emphasize the importance of so-called "constitutive activities"
B. reject the notion that labor is the primary source of the category of meaning
C. question that the products of labor are intelligible prior to the acquisition of language
D. encourage the claim that outsiders, including researchers and laymen, can understand foreign cultures
E. embrace certain basic premises of dialectical materialism

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[单项选择] Passage Two

Ever since humans have inhabited the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been form of oral speech. When there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letter, words, and ideas. Tourists, the deaf, and the mute have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very picturesque and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot.
Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A wink can be a way of flirting or indicating that the party is only joking. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction.
Other forms of nonlinguistic
A. Everybody uses only one form of communication.
B. Nonlinguistic language is very useful to foreigners.
C. When a language is a barrier, people will find other forms of communication.
D. Although other forms of communication exist, oral speech is .the fastest.

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[单项选择]It can be inferred from the passage that culture shock may be overcome by ______.
A) adjustment to its phases C) learning the language of the culture
B) social intercourse D) broad-mindedness and good will

A. It can be inferred from the passage that culture shock may be overcome by ______.
B. adjustment to its phases
C. social intercourse
D. learning the language of the culture
E. broad-mindedness and good will

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[填空题]S8. What does the passage mainly talk about S8 .

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[填空题]S3. This passage discusses traditional water use systems in{{U}} S3 {{/U}}

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[单项选择]How does Elizabeth’s company differ from Steven’s
A. It is likely to become larger than Steven’s in the future.
B. It has started to operate in more then one country.
C. It has started to operate in more than one country.

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[单项选择]Passage Four

It’s conventional wisdom in the United States that the American education system is a mess. Since the rest of the world loves to criticize Uncle Sam, that view is held even more strongly elsewhere. But wait a minute. If education really is the source of economic success, as experts continually claim, American schools can’t be too bad. If they were, the American economy would not be the wonder of the world, able to create good jobs at a pace that others can only envy, and with a huge advantage in many of the key technologies of the next centurey. Specially, American high schools can’t be a disaster area. The proof lies in the quality of American universities. In any reasonable ranking of the best 100 universities of the world, the United States would dominate the list. College professors are not alchemists(炼金术士), they cannot turn ba
A. It is not as good as it is supposed to be.
B. It can satisfy the demands for the U. S.
C. It is the best in the world.
D. It is a wonder of the world.

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[单项选择]Passage Three

Valentine’s Day is a festival of romance and affection. The holiday is an interesting combination of pagan (异教徒的) and Christian influences. Some of the day’s customs probably came from an ancient Roman holiday caned Lupercalia, Which honored Juno (wife of Jupiter, the goddess of women, marriage, and childbirth) and Pan (the God of nature). During the Lupercalia festival, young women dropped poems bearing their names into a large vase. Each young man picked a name from the vase to find his sweetheart for that year.
During the Middle Ages, church leaders wanted to relate this pagan holiday to Christianity, so they renamed it after a Christian saint and moved the holiday from February 15 to February 14, the feast day of St. Valentine. St. Valentine was a third-century Christian martyr, a young man who was imprisoned in Rome for r
A. Juno, the goddess ’of marriage
B. Pan, the god of nature
C. Lupercalia, a holiday for lovers
D. a Christian martyr-priest

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[单项选择]Passage Four

It’s so difficult to follow the ups and downs of a 2-year-old．One moment he’s beaming and friendly; the next he’s sullen (愠怒的) and weepy, often for no apparent reason. These mood swings, however, are just part of growing up. They are signs of the emotional changes taking place as your child struggles to take control of actions, impulses, feelings and his body.
At this age, your child wants to explore the world and seek adventure. As a result, he’ll spend most of his time testing limits, his own, yours and his environment’s. Unfortunately, he still lacks many of the skills required for the safe accomplishment of everything he needs to do, and he often will need you to protect him.
When he oversteps a limit and is pulled back, he often reacts with anger and frustration, possibly with a temper tantrum (发脾气) or sullen rage. He
A. A-2-year-old doesn’t know how to express his anger and frustration.
B. A 2-year-old often intentionally harms himself or others.
C. A 2-year old depends on his parents to do everything new and challenging.
D. A 2-year-old trusts his parents more than other people.

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[单项选择]Passage 3 BBC’s Casualty programme on Saturday evening gave viewers a vote as to which of two patients should benefit from a donation. But it failed to tell us that we would not need to make so many life-and-death decisions if we got to grip with the chronic organ shortage. Being pussyfooting around in its approach to dead bodies, the Government is giving a kicking to some of the most vulnerable in our society. One depressing consequence of this is that a significant number of those on the waiting list take off to foreign countries to purchase an organ from a living third-world donor, something that is forbidden in the United Kingdom. The poor have no option but to wait in vain. The Human Tissue Authority’s position on the retention of body parts for medical research after a post-mortem examination is equally flawed. The new consent forms could have been drafted by some evil person seeking to stop the precious flow of human tissue into the pathological laboratory. The for
A. the media
B. doctors
C. U. S. Legislators
D. the British government

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