Letter-writing goes back thousands of
years but heated up during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Historically(perhaps
now)letters were indicators of status and breeding. Like conversation, they were
used to manipulate, embellish, entertain, threaten, seduce and of course do
business. On the way home from discovering America, Christopher Columbus got
caught in a storm and his mind turned—as a good bourgeois parent—to his two
sons. Who would pay their school fees if he came to a watery end He picked up a
quill and documented his accomplishments on the voyage for his Spanish patrons,
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, rolled up the letter in a wooden Madeira cask
and threw it into the sea. This was not so much for posterity but rather what
University of York professor William H. Sherman has called "a father’s desperate
petition for A. was widely accepted thousands of years ago. B. could serve a wide variety of purposes in the past. C. served as a document forwarded to the King and Queen in Columbus’ case. D. helped Columbus obtain financial support for his sons.
[单项选择]{{B}}TEXT B{{/B}}
Centuries ago, man discovered that
removing moisture from food helps to preserve it, and that the easiest way to do
this is to expose the food to sun and wind. In this way the North American
Indians produce pemmican (dried meat ground into powder and made into cakes),
the Scandinavians make stockfish and the Arabs dried dates and "apricot
leather". All foods including water — cabbage and other leaf
vegetables contains as much as 93% water, potatoes and other root vegetables
80%, lean meat 75% and fish, anything from 80% to 60%, depending on how fatty it
is. If this water is removed, the activity of the bacteria which cause food to
go bad is checked. Fruit is sun-dried in Asia Minor, Greece,
Spain and other Mediterranean countries, and also in California, South Africa
and Australia. The methods used vary, but in general, A. is the one most commonly used today B. was invented by the American Indians C. has been known for hundreds of years D. tends to be unhygienic
[单项选择]
TEXT B
A perennial problem in semantics is the delineation of its subject matter. The term meaning can be used in a variety of ways, and only some of these correspond to the usual understanding of the scope of linguistic or computational semantics. We shall take the scope of semantics to be restricted to the literal interpretations of sentences in a context, ignoring phenomena like irony, metaphor, or conversational implicature.
A standard assumption in computationally oriented semantics is that knowledge of the meaning of a sentence can be equated with knowledge of its truth conditions: that is, knowledge of what the world would be like if the sentence were true. This is not the same as knowing whether a sentence is true, which is usually an empirical matter, but knowledge of truth conditions is a prerequisite for such verification to be possible. Meaning as truth conditions needs to be generalized somewhat for the case of imperatives or question A. Irony. B. Literal interpretations of sentences m a context. C. Metaphor. D. Conversational implicature.
[单项选择] {{B}}TEXT B{{/B}} If you smoke and you still
don’t believe that there’s a definite link between smoking and bronchial
troubles, heart disease and lung cancer, then you are certainly deceiving
yourself. No one will accuse you of hypocrisy. Let us just say that you are
suffering from a bad case of wishful thinking. This needn’t make you too
uncomfortable because you are in good company. Whenever the subject of smoking
and health is raised, the governments of most countries hear no evil, see no
evil and smell no evil. Admittedly, a few governments have taken timid measures.
In Britain for instance, cigarette advertising has been banned on television.
The conscience of the nation is appeased, while the population continues to puff
its way to smoky, cancerous death. You don’t have to look very
far to find out why the official reactions to medical findings have been so
lukewarm. The answer is simply money. Tobacco is a wonderful com A. critical B. ironical C. distaste D. amusing
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