[单项选择]

Since the industrial revolution, government, society, and industry have attempted to channel technological progress in useful directions. Whether it is the printing press, the cotton gin the automobile or the Internet, technological innovations often have profound economic and social effects. To harness the benefits and minimize the more harmful effects of new technologies, modern governments use four basic approaches: specific direction, market incentives, criminal prohibition, and behavior modification.
Specific direction starts with governments identifying one or more key factors in the R&D phase. Then, using a variety of means ranging from administrative regulation to outright state ownership, the government seeks to control the implementation of the technology.
Market incentives are the deliberate manipulation of the market by the government to control how a particularly technology is distributed and used. For example, some governments impose taxes to cov
A. government funding in R&D period.
B. complete centralization of power.
C. direct administrative interference.
D. identifying promising technology trends.

[单项选择]Since the industrial revolution, government, society, and industry have attempted to channel technological progress in useful directions. Whether it is the printing press, the cotton gin (轧棉机), the automobile or the Internet, technological innovations (创新) often have profound economic and social effects. To control the benefits and minimize the more harmful effects of new technologies, modern governments use four basic approaches: specific direction, market incentives (刺激), criminal prohibition and behavior modification.
Specific direction starts with governments identifying one or more key factors in the R&D phase. Then, using a variety of means ranging from administrative regulation to complete state Ownership, the government seeks to control the implementation of the technology.
Market incentives are the deliberate manipulation of the market by the government to control how a particularly technology is distributed and used. For example, some governments impose taxes to
A. requires the cooperation of companies and individuals
B. is targeted at encouraging innovations in advertising industry
C. involves less forced actions and administrative interference
D. helps to build people’s sense of responsibility for society