Passage Four
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies and other creatures learn to do things because certain acts lead to" rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological "drives" as thirst or hunger. [n other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still g
A. the lights were directly related to some basic "drives"
B. the sight of the lights was interesting
C. they need not turn back to watch the lights
D. they succeeded in "switching on" the lights
Passage Four
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies and other creatures learn to do things because certain acts lead to" rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological "drives" as thirst or hunger. [n other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still g
A. would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B. would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C. would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D. would turn its head to right .or left when it had enough to drink
| Custom has not been commonly regarded
as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel
to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking,
is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way
around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior
more astonishing than what, any one person can ever evolve in individual
actions, no matter how unusual. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the
matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom
plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may
manifest. No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probing he can A. custom can never be a subject of great moment B. only the inner workings of our brain is worthy of investigation C. custom plays a prominent role in our experience and in belief D. traditional customs are very astonishing [单项选择]For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies and other creatures learn to de things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome. Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to st A. would make learned responses when. it saw the milk B. would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink C. would continue the simple movements without being given milk D. would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink 我来回答: 提交
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