One traditional justification for
greater judicial deference to agencies on legal questions in the U. S.
administrative regime is she expertise argument. This justification comports
with traditional understandings about the respective roles of the different
branches of government and agencies’ place in modern government. Agencies, in
this view, are the technical experts that put into operation the policy
judgments made by legislators. Indeed, technical expertise is the raison d’etre
of agencies; by focusing on a particular regulatory field, or sector of the
economy, agencies can do what Congress lacks the time and other institutional
resources to do. Chevron VS National Resources, which presented the question
whether the statutory term "stationary source" referred to an entire
pollution-emitting plant or, rather, to every single s A. an agency has experts but that Congress does not. B. Congress is more interested in policy than in implementation. C. modern agencies are more responsible than agencies were in the past. D. all of the above are true.
[单项选择] Passage Three
One of the industrial giants who
changed American society was Henry Ford horn on a farm in Michigan in 1863, and
he grew up to bring forth some of the most revolutionary improvements in
automotive technology in the early 20th century. His outstanding mechanical
ability led him to become interested in the new automobiles in the early 1900s.
Though be did not invent the automobile, he improved upon everyone else’s
designs. He was a person who believed in inexpensive, efficient production, so
he established standards for his plants and workers. He also standardized and
produced many new auto parts for his Ford Motor Company cars. Then he studied
the workers’ problems and thousands of automobiles per year. In fact, his plants
had produced 15 million Model TS by 1927. Ford’s personality was not all thrift
(节俭), efficiency and inventive A. through great social revolution B. through automotive technological revolution C. through numerous mechanical inventions D. through radical political reforms
[单项选择] Passage Three
One of Microsoft’s cool people, is
Patrick Blackburn. As a test manager for the Product Group, Blackburn’s job may
sound routine; however, he says it’s anything but that. "Most
people ,think of software testing as a mundane task of punching the keyboard
like a monkey, trying to break the program," Blackburn says. "Part of that is
true, but we write software programs called Monkeys to do that for us so that we
don’t have to hire real monkeys. Real monkeys are too difficult to manage and
don’t usually pass the personal hygiene criteria !" In reality, Blackburn says,
testing responsibilities are very technically challenging and often include
complete development cycles of their own. He spends most of his time coming up
with creative incentives to convince his team to believe in schedules for
products that don’t yet exist, hiring A. managing real monkeys to do the testing B. designing test papers used to test prospective employees C. finding faults with the products before they go to market D. convincing his team of the interesting aspects of their job
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