[单项选择]The period from 1780 to the Civil War was marked by a tremendous increase in the number of higher-education institutions, the rise of the state university, the creation of scientific and technological schools and departments, and the beginning of higher education for women.
Of the 182 permanent colleges founded before the Civil War, 17 were in Ohio, 16 in Pennsylvania, and 15 in New York. West of the Mississippi River the fast permanent colleges founded were St Louis University, 1818, and the College of Louisiana (now called Centenary College), 1825; in the Northwest, Williamette University, Oregon, 1842; and in the Southwest, California Wesleyan College (now College of the Pacific), 1851.
How many permanent colleges were established before the Civil War
A. 48
B. 41
C. 182
D. 33

[单项选择]The period from 1780 to the Civil War was marked by a tremendous increase in the number of higher-education institutions, the rise of the state university, the creation of scientific and technological schools and departments, and the beginning of higher education for women.
Of the 182 permanent colleges founded before the Civil War, 17 were in Ohio, 16 in Pennsylvania, and 15 in New York. West of the Mississippi River the fast permanent colleges founded were St Louis University, 1818, and the College of Louisiana (now called Centenary College), 1825; in the Northwest, Williamette University, Oregon, 1842; and in the Southwest, California Wesleyan College (now College of the Pacific), 1851.

How many permanent colleges were established before the Civil War
A. 48
B. 41
C. 182
D. 33

[填空题]
Four years before the Civil War began, the first shots were fired -- not on a battlefield, but in the Supreme Court. This occurred in 1857, when the Court considered a crucial question: should a slave living in a free state be considered free
The Court’s answer to this question was no, and it sent shock waves through every state, slave and free alike. According to the ruling, which became known as the Dred Scott decision, a slave would always be regarded as property, no matter where he or she happened to be.
When the case began, Virginia-born Dred Scott had spent all of his fifty-one years in slavery. He had been owned by a St. Louis family, which had sold him to a local army surgeon. The doctor then took Scott from the slave state of Missouri to the free state of Illinois and later to the free territory of Wisconsin. Scott was then taken back to Missouri by his owner, who died there.

[单项选择]War, chiefly the Civil War, in U. S. history has been a vital force in the rise of industrial capitalism, in the change of America from a dominantly agrarian and （　） country to one chiefly manufacturing in nature.
A. cosmopolitan
B. predatory
C. pastoral
D. proletarian

[单项选择]
Historians of the war can be divided into two schools. The first considers that it was the unavoidable outcome of conflicting (51) between Northern and Southern (52) . The second blames it (53) political leaders for (54) to avert an unnecessary war.A. change B. distinction C. collision D. cleavage