[单项选择]One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol ingestion as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant ones. In the latter case, alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks.
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward the
A. Why do people who are alcoholics continue to drink even though the consequences of their drinking are very unpleasant
B. How did Conger explain the behavior of alcoholics in terms of shock therapy
C. Under what circumstances does an alcoholic benefit from anxiety attacks
D. To what extent does stimulus generalization prevent alcohol ingestion from becoming the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse