The age at which young children begin to make moral discriminations about harmful actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent research into the moral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists supported pioneer developmentalist Jean. Piaget in his hypothesis that because of their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions of a person commit- ting accidental or deliberate harm, but rather simply assign punishment for on the basis of the magnitude of the negative consequences caused. According to Piaget, children under age seven occupy the first stage of moral development, which is characterizsd by moral absolutism (rules made by authorities must be obeyed) and imminent justice (if rules are broken, punishment will be meted out). Until youn
A. The kinds of excuses children give for harmful acts they commit.
B. The age at which children begin to discriminate between intentional and unintentional harm.
C. The intentions children have in perpetrating harm.
D. The circumstances under which children punish harmful acts.
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[单项选择]
Passage Five
The age at which young children begin to make moral discriminations about harmful actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent research into the moral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists supported pioneer developmentalist Jean. Piaget in his hypothesis that because of their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions of a person commit- ting accidental or deliberate harm, but rather simply assign punishment for on the basis of the magnitude of the negative consequences caused. According to Piaget, children under age seven occupy the first stage of moral development, which is characterizsd by moral absolutism (rules made by authorities must be obeyed) and imminent justice (if rules are broken, punishment will be meted out). Until youn
A. An outline for future research.
B. An expanded definition of commonly misunderstood terms.
C. An analysis of a dispute between two theorists.
D. A discussion of research finding in an ongoing inquiry.
[单项选择] Passage Five
Nanotechnology, according to its fans,
will jump-start a new industrial revolution with molecular-sized structures as
complex as the human cell and 100 times stronger than steel. The new technology
transforms everyday products and the way they are made by manipulating atoms so
that materials can be shrunk, strengthened and lightened all at once. To date
only modest nanotech-based products—such as stain-resistant fabrics and fresh
food packaging—have entered the market, but some scientists predict
nanotechnology will eventually be the only game in town. "It will be a
ubiquitous technology," said George Stephanopoulos, professor of chemical
engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He echoes other
nanotech supporters who say industrial countries are already sliding toward its
use in every aspect of manufacturing.
A. help readers have a better understanding of nanotech
B. show that industries are all set for the nanotech age
C. tell readers the hurdles ahead the research of nanotech
D. reveal the potential benefits and big business of nanotech
[单项选择] Passage Five
Reforming the Social Security
retirement program is an issue of enormous practical importance. Yet it remains
the missing piece in American policy analysis. At a time when the Congress and
the Administration are considering ways to reform welfare, Medicare, Medicaid,
and the income tax, elected officials are still unwilling to confront the
serious problems of our Social Security system. Eventually, however, its
deteriorating financial condition will force major reforms. Whether those
reforms are good or bad, whether they deal with the basic economic problems of
the system or merely protect the solvency of existing institutional arrangements
will depend in part on whether we, as economists, provide the appropriate
intellectual framework for analyzing reform alternatives.
Major
policy changes that affect the public at large can o
A. a poor economic approach to the Social Security retirement program.
B. the reform of welfare.
C. major policy changes
D. government debt.
E. all of the above.
[单项选择] Passage Five
A complex operation called spinal
fusion has emerged as the treatment of choice for many kinds of back pain. But a
number of researchers say there is little scientific evidence to show that for
most patients, spinal fusion works any better than a simpler operation, the
lamineetomy (椎板切除术). Some people would be better off with no surgery at all.
Even doctors who favor fusions say that more research is needed on their
benefits.
In the absence of better data, critics point to a
different reason for the fusion operation’s fast rise: money. Medicare can
pay a surgeon as much as four times more for a spinal fusion as for a
laminectomy. Hospitals also collect two to four times as much. "We
all cave in to market and economic forces," said Dr. Edward C.
Benzel. Though doctors, as a rule, should favor the least complicated
treatment—wi
A. Spinal fusion provides a better cure than other treatments.
B. Spinal fusion is no good to patients suffering from back pains.
C. There is limited evidence as to which treatment is better.
D. Doctors have great confidence in the benefits of spinal fusion.
[单项选择] Passage Five
Jim Ayers had investigated all manner
of felonies in his fourteen-year career with the Oregon State Police. Like most
officers who had hired on as troopers, he was tall and well-muscled. He had
thick, wavy hair, and a rumbling deep voice. He had worked the road for eight
years, investigating accidents. He had seen much tragedy, but he had also
learned what was "normal" tragedy—if there could be such a thing—and what was
"abnormal" tragedy.
Ayers had become an expert in both arson
investigation and psychosexual crimes, and he had investigated innumerable
homicides. Jerry Finch had a few years on him, both in age and experience.
Together the two men drove to the scene at 79th and the Sunset, not knowing what
to expect. The best detectives are not tough. If they were, they would not have
the special intuitive sense that enables th
A. Jim Ayers usually enjoys painting.
B. People hurt each other in ways that recall the behavior of black people.
C. Jim Ayers behaves in ways similar to those of other detectives.
D. Jim Ayers distances himself professionally from his fellow detectives.
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