1 I take it that the purpose of any language course is to develop in learners the ability to engage in communicative behaviour and this, I have argued, must mean that there has to be a concern for capacity, for the procedural activation of competence. To coin a slogan: no course without discourse. But language courses have generally concentrated on competence and left capacity out of account. The structurally ordered course concentrates attention on linguistic competence as such but does not effectively indicate how this competence can be drawn upon as a communicative resource. It is true that words and sentence patterns will often be associated with situations, but these situations are designed simply to reveal the symbolic signification of linguistic forms. The direction of fit, as it were, is situation to language.
2 In courses which have a notional/functional orientation, the focus of attention is on the schematic level and the direction of fit is reversed. That is
A. functionally oriented language courses
B. notionally oriented language courses
C. structurally oriented language courses
D. none of the above
[听力原文]11-15
When you take a walk in any of the cities in the West, you often see a lot of people walking dogs. It is still true that dog is the most useful and faithful animal in the world, but the reasons why people keep a dog have changed. In the old days people used to train dogs to protect themselves against attacks by other beats. And later they came to realize that a dog was not only useful for protection but willing to obey his master. For example, when people used dogs for hunting, the dogs would not eat what was caught without permission. But now people in the city need not protect themselves against attacks of animals. Why do they keep dogs, then Some people keep dogs to protect themselves from robbery. But the most important reason is for companionship. For a child, a dog is his best friend when he has no friends to play with. For young couples, a dog is their child when they have no child. For old couples, a dog is al so their child when their real children ha
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