[单项选择]Dogs are constantly learning from the reaction of human owners, picking up facial cues and anticipating their owner’s behavior, a new research suggests. The findings, published online in the journal Learning and Behavior, show that dogs essentially are always in training, and help explain how many owners unknowingly teach and reward their dog’s bad behavior.
Research conducted at the University of Florida focused on the role of eye contact and facial cues in influencing canine behavior. Earlier studies have suggested that dogs seem to know when they are being watched and even wait to perform forbidden behavior like digging in the garden when they know their owners aren’t looking. In this study, researchers studied how human cues triggered begging behavior among 35 pet dogs, 18 shelter dogs and 8 wolves raised in captivity. First the animals were taught that the human strangers helping with the experiment were reliable sources of tasty treats. The testers stood close together and c
A. dogs never behave badly if their owners give them no cues.
B. forbidden behavior is harder to train in canine animals.
C. dogs’ behavior can never be shaped by conscious training.
D. cues from humans help shape the behavior of canine animals.

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[单项选择]Dogs are constantly learning from the reaction of human owners, picking up facial cues and anticipating their owner’s behavior, a new research suggests. The findings, published online in the journal Learning and Behavior, show that dogs essentially are always in training, and help explain how many owners unknowingly teach and reward their dog’s bad behavior.
Research conducted at the University of Florida focused on the role of eye contact and facial cues in influencing canine behavior. Earlier studies have suggested that dogs seem to know when they are being watched and even wait to perform forbidden behavior like digging in the garden when they know their owners aren’t looking. In this study, researchers studied how human cues triggered begging behavior among 35 pet dogs, 18 shelter dogs and 8 wolves raised in captivity. First the animals were taught that the human strangers helping with the experiment were reliable sources of tasty treats. The testers stood close together and c
A. are more responsive to human attentional state.
B. feel more intimate to their human masters.
C. are not easily fooled by human behavior.
D. demonstrate greater interest in facial cues.

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[填空题] Dogs were first domesticated from wolves at least 17,000 years ago, but perhaps as early as 150,000 years ago based upon recent genetic fossil and DNA (36)________. In this time, the dog has developed into hundreds of breeds with a great degree of (37)________. For example, heights at the shoulder range from just a few inches to roughly three feet, and colors range from white to black, with reds, grays, and browns (38) _______in tremendous (39)________. Dogs are highly social animals and this (40)________in their overall behavioral system (41)_______ for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human (42)________and social situations. This has earned dogs a (43) ________position in the realm of interspecies relationships. (44)________________________ are thought to be reflections of the human idea of love and friendship, leading many dog owners to view their pets as full fledged family members. Dogs seem to view their human companions as members of their pack

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