The enlightenment needs rescuing, or so thinks Jonathan Israel, the pre-eminent historian of 17th-century Holland. In 2001 he published Radical Enlightenment. He now offers a second Volume with a third to come. (46) The three volumes will be the first comprehensive history of the Enlightenment for decades--and Mr. Israel’s groundbreaking interpretation looks set to establish itself as the one to beat.
The period was once thought of as a glorious chapter in the history of mankind, a time when the forces of light (science, progress and tolerance) triumphed over the forces of darkness (superstition and prejudice). Today, the Enlightenment tends to be dismissed. (47)Post-modernists attack it for being biased, self-deceived and ultimately responsible for the worst in Western civilization. Post-colonialists accuse it of being Eurocentric, an apology for imperialism. Nationalist historians reject the idea of a coherent universal movement, preferring to talk a
| Perhaps the most familiar plant
movement belongs to one species of mimosa called the sensitive plant. Within
seconds, it can lower its leaves and make its tiny leaflets close up like
folding chairs. This movement is thought to be initiated by electrical impulses
remarkably similar to nerve signals in animals. But without the animals’
sophisticated motion machinery, the mimosa has had to be creative in devising a
way to move. For motion, the plant depends on tiny, bulb-shaped organs located at the base of each leaf stalk and leaflet. Called pulvini, these organs hold the plant parts in place. When the mimosa is stimulated--say, by a crawling insect or a sudden change in temperature--an electrical impulse sweeps through the plant. This causes potassium and then water to be shifted from certain cells in the pulvini to others, quickly turning one side of the A. geographical distribution of plant and animal species B. location and purpose of the pulvini C. appearance of the mimosa D. process that causes movement in the mimosa [填空题]
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