Psychologist George Spilich in Maryland College decided to find out whether, as many smokers say, smoking helps them to "think and concentrate". Spilich put young non-smokers, active smokers and smokers deprived(被剥夺) of cigarettes through a series of tests.
In the first test, each subject(试验对象) sat before a computer screen and pressed a key as soon as he or she recognized a target letter among a group of 96. In this simple test, smokers, deprived smokers and non smokers performed equally well.
The next test was more complex, requiring all to scan sequences of 20 identical letters and respond the instant one of the letters transformed into a different one. Non-smokers were the fast, but under the stimulation of nicotine(尼古丁), active smokers were faster than deprived smokers.
In the third test of short-term memory, non-smokers made the fewest errors, but deprived smokers committed fewer errors than active smokers.
The fourth test re
A. compel the subjects to separate major information from minor details
B. put the subjects through increasingly complex tests
C. check the effectiveness of nicotine on smokers
D. register the prompt responses of the subjects
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency crimes committed by young people focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories (21) on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22) they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23) with others. Theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in (24) to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status (25) as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families,
(26) the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes (27) lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are (28) to criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly (2
A. affect
B. reduce
C. chock
D. reflect
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