Passage Three
This week some big Internet sites were so busy that they stopped working. Hackers or people who break into other people’s computers did it. Experts think programs called Tribal Village or Trinoo were used.
The programs worked like time bombs. The hackers put software on other people’s computers. The people do not even know. The software just sits and waits until the hacker starts it. When the hacker wants, all the computers call the same web site. This week Yahoo, eBay, Amazon, CNN, Buy, eTrade and zNet were called.
The costs are growing. These web sites make money from advertising. People go to the web sites for information and news. If the web site is not working, they will go to other sites.
Yahoo got many calls. It was like 104-million people dialing in at once.
The website AntiOnline put the software on its site. They hope someone will make a fix.
The only way to stop the hackers is to stop them
A. stores on the web
B. large commercial web sites
C. small commercial web sites
D. public government web sites
Text 2
Linguists have been able to follow the formation of a new language in Nicaragua. The catch is that it is not a spoken language but, rather, a sign language which arose spontaneously in deaf children.
The Nicaraguan Sign Language (NSL) emerged in the late 1970s, at a new school for deaf children. Initially the children were instructed by teachers who could hear. No one taught them how to sign; they simply worked it out for themselves. By conducting experiments on people who attended the school at various points in its history, Dr. Senghas has shown how NSL has become more sophisticated over time. For example, concepts that an older signer uses a single sign for, such as rolling and falling, have been unpacked into separate signs by youngsters.
Early users, too, did not develop a way of distinguishing left from right. Dr. Senghas showed this by asking signers of different ages to converse about a set of photographs that each could see. One sign
A. a non-verbal language created by deaf children.
B. an artificial language used by people in Nicaragua.
C. a language invented by teachers who teach the deaf.
D. a language described and modified by deliberate linguists
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