We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist (免疫学家)Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.
Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimu
A. they disliked its taste
B. it affected their immune systems
C. it led to stomach pains
D. they associated it with stomach
We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist (免疫学家)Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.
Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimu
A. was strengthened
B. was not affected
C. was altered
D. was weakened
Most of us think we know the kind of kid who becomes a killer, and most of the time we’re right. Boys (1) about 85% of all youth homicides, and in those cases about 90% (2) a pattern in which the line from bad parenting and bad (3) to murder is usually clear. Their lives start with abuse, neglect and (4) deprivation at home. Add the effects of racism, poverty, the drug and gang cultures, and it is not (5) that in a violent society like ours, (6) children become deadly teens.
(7) what about the other 10% of kids who kill: the boys who have (8) parents and are not poor Are their parents to blame when these kids become (9)
Most children do fine while young enough to be (10) by loving parents, but change as adolescents subjected to peer competition, bullying and rejection, (11) in big high schools. The "normal" culture of adolescence today contains elements that are so nasty
A. confusing
B. astonishing
C. bewildering
D. surprising
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