Interpersonal conflict typically involves a relationship that has a sequence of conditions and events tending toward aggressive behavior and disorder. However, conflict can also be viewed in terms of its background conditions, the feelings of the involved parties, their actual behavior, and the consequences of their behavior.
Conflict is an organizational reality that is inherently neither good nor bad in and of itself. It can be destructive, but it can also play a productive role both within a person and between persons. Whereas most managers seek to reduce conflict because of its negative effect, some seek to use it for its positive effects on creativity, and motivation.
There is no "one best way" for managing interpersonal conflict, either as an involved adversary or as a third party. Rather, there are a number of strategies involving the external conditions, differing views, internal feelings, and outcomes. In addition, the relationships of th
A. sometimes managers can take advantage of conflicts
B. the third party in the conflict should always be fair
C. in conflict, you can always tell which party is right and which is wrong
D. the manager must settle all kinds of conflicts as quickly as he can
Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy (冷漠) and stagnation (呆滞). Too much conflict leads to divisiveness (分裂) and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way.
Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked for profit seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organizations.
Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specially, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be achieved in the
A. seem to be difficult to satisfy
B. are free to express diverse opinions
C. are less effective in making decisions
D. find it easier to reach agreement
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