In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with or followed by, a reward or punishment. It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associates his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.
The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning". This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mot
A. teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotions
B. give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning
C. give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learning
D. discuss with psychologists how positive and negative feelings are produced
Passage Two
Danny was just tired about the way things were going. His Mum came to the school and went on and on about Rick Jackson. It seemed that she would never stop talking. "Somebody’s got to stop that boy !" she was shouting. "Rick’s troubling everybody in the neighborhood (四邻). And be loves to pick on (找麻烦) little boys like Danny."
Mrs. Green, Danny’s teacher, was concerned (关心) a lot. "I didn’t know that Danny was being picked on," she answered. "He’s never said anything about this to me!" Mrs. Green looked at Danny. "How long bas this been going on" she asked. Danny could only shake his head and look at the floor. He knew if he said a word about this, he would have trouble after school.
Danny hadn’t said anything about the problem because he wanted to do things with other boys in the neighborhood. After all, most of them were nice to him. He hated to leave
A. she had known it
B. the other boys would tell her
C. he didn't want to be in trouble
D. his mother didn't want him to say it
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