It has often been said by people involved in language teaching that a student who really wants to learn will succeed whatever the circumstances are under which he studies. It is certainly true that students do learn in unfavourable conditions, and it is also true that students of ten succeed using methods that experts have considered unsatisfactory. All teachers can think of some students who are significantly better than their peers, and it seems reasonable to suggest that the motivation of the student is perhaps the single most important thing that he brings to the classroom.
Motivation is some kind of internal drive that encourages somebody to pursue a course of action. It seems to the case that if we perceive a goal and if that goal is sufficiently attractive, we will be strongly motivated to do whatever is necessary to reach that goal. Of course, goals may be of many different types. Language learners who are motivated also perceive goals of various types, and
A. Experts and authorities concerned.
B. Linguists and language teachers.
C. Psychologists and analysts.
D. Assessors and predictors.
Oscar Wilde said that work is the refuge of people who have nothing better to do. If so, Americans are now among the world’s saddest refugees. Factory workers in the United States are working longer hours than at any time in the past half-century. America once led the rich world in cutting the average working week—from 70 hours in 1850 to less than 40 hours by the 1950s. It seemed natural that as people grew richer they would trade extra earnings for more leisure. Since the 1970s, however, the hours clocked up by American workers have risen, to an average of 42 this year in manufacturing.
Several studies suggest that something similar is happening outside manufacturing: Americans are spending more time at work than they did 20 years ago. Executives and lawyers boast of 80-hour weeks. On holiday, they seek out fax machin es and phones as eagerly as Germans bag the best sun-loungers. Yet working time in Europe and Japan continues to fall. In Germany’s engi
A. confined to the manufacturing industry.
B. a traditional practice in some sectors.
C. prevalent in all sectors of society.
D. favoured by the economists.
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