Text 4 Despite their many differences of temperament and of literary perspective, Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman share certain beliefs. Common to all these writers is their humanistic perspective. Its basic premises are that humans are the spiritual center of the universe and that in them alone is the clue to nature, history, and ultimately the cosmos itself. Without completely denying the existence either of a deity (the God) or of irrational matter, this perspective nevertheless rejects them as exclusive principles of interpretation and prefers to explain humans and the world in terms of humanity itself. This preference is expressed most clearly in the Transcendentalist principle that the structure of the universe literally duplicates the structure of the individual self; therefore, all knowledge begins with self-knowledge. This common perspective is almost always universalized. Its emphasis is not upon the individual as a particular European or Ameri
A. The spiritual and the material worlds are incompatible.
B. Humanity can scarcely account for humans and the world.
C. Self-knowledge stems partly from the perception of the universe.
D. The structure of the universe can be discovered through self-knowledge.
Text 4 Despite their many differences of temperament and of literary perspective, Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman share certain beliefs. Common to all these writers is their humanistic perspective. Its basic premises are that humans are the spiritual center of the universe and that in them alone is the clue to nature, history, and ultimately the cosmos itself. Without completely denying the existence either of a deity (the God) or of irrational matter, this perspective nevertheless rejects them as exclusive principles of interpretation and prefers to explain humans and the world in terms of humanity itself. This preference is expressed most clearly in the Transcendentalist principle that the structure of the universe literally duplicates the structure of the individual self; therefore, all knowledge begins with self-knowledge. This common perspective is almost always universalized. Its emphasis is not upon the individual as a particular European or Ameri
A. show that the poet does not completely agree with Emerson.
B. indicate the way the poet uses the humanist ideal to appraise himself.
C. demonstrate that the poet is concerned with the well-being of all humans.
D. illustrate a way the poet expresses the relationship of the individual to the humanistic universe.
Text 2 Now that many media chieftains have fallen into disrepute and have left, those who are still in positions feel the need to take the problem seriously. "CEOs were overturned as were some stocks." That is how AOL Time Warner entertainment group Chairman Jeff Bewkes summed it up. The era of the "imperial" (one-man rule) CEO has come to an end, MTV Networks Chairman Tom Freston added. The two executives agreed that the industry’s complex and often ill-fated megs mergers had proven that bigger is not necessarily better, no matter how big the reputations of the personalities behind them. The continuing flameout of media executives who a few years ago were hailed as visionaries was active this month, and the industry’s fears reached into the executive ranks of music, publishing and TV. Technology visionary Steve Case left as chairman of AOL Time Warner, replaced by Chief Executive Richard Parsons. Top executives at Sony Music, MCA Records an
A. being skilled at business.
B. having the ability to adjust before trends change.
C. being expert in developing talent and thoughts.
D. having the ability to manage and create.
Text 3 How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930’s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the over-whelming majority are from multiple earner, relatively affl
A. Innovative programmes using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.
B. A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view.
C. New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.
D. Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.
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