Most episodes of absent-mindedness -- forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room -- are caused by a simple lack of attention, says Schacter. "You’re supposed to remember something, but you haven’t encoded it deeply."
Encoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later. Failure to encode properly can create annoying situations. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and don’t pay attention to what you did because you’re involved in a conversation, you’ll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging in your wardrobe (衣柜). "Your memory itself isn’t failing you," says Schacter. "Rather, you didn’t give your memory system the information it needed."
Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness. "A man who can recite sports statistics from 30 years ago,
A. If we focus our attention on one thing, we might forget another.
B. Memory depends to a certain extent on the environment.
C. Repetition helps improve our memory.
D. If we keep forgetting things, we'd better return to where we were.
Most episodes of absent-mindedness -- forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room -- are caused by a simple lack of attention, says Schacter. "You’re supposed to remember something, but you haven’t encoded it deeply."
Encoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later. Failure to encode properly can create annoying situations. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and don’t pay attention to what you did because you’re involved in a conversation, you’ll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging in your wardrobe (衣柜). "Your memory itself isn’t failing you," says Schacter. "Rather, you didn’t give your memory system the information it needed."
Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness. "A man who can recite sports statistics from 30 years ago,
A. It helps us understand our memory system better.
B. It enables us to recall something from our memory.
C. It expands our memory capacity considerably.
D. It slows down the process of losing our memory.
In ancient times the most important examinations were spoken, not written. In the school of ancient Greece and Rome, testing usually consisted of saying poems aloud or giving speeches
In the European universities of the Middle Ages, students who were working for advanced degrees had to discuss questions in their field of study with people who had made a special study of .the subject.
This custom exists today as part of the process testing candidates for the Doctor’s Degree. Generally, however, modern examinations are written. The written examination, where all the students are tested on the same questions, was probably not known until the nineteenth century. It perhaps came into existence with the great increase in population and the development of modern industry. A room full of candidates for a state examination, timed exactly by electric clocks and carefully watched over by managers, is similar to a group of workers at an automobile factory. Certainly, du
A. workers now take examinations
B. the population has grown
C. there are only written examinations today
D. examinations are usually written and timed now
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