阅读下面选文,回答下列4题。
直觉通常是指对某种情况的一种突如其来的领悟或理解,也就是突然跃入人们意识中的一种使问题得到澄清的思想。诸如灵感、启示、预感等都是用来形容这种现象的。直觉在科学发现和发明当中有十分重要的作用。在美国,化学家普拉特和贝克对一些科学家的有关“你是否得益于直觉”的调查中,经常得益、偶尔得益和从未得益的比例分别是 33%、50%和17%。据他们的调查,7%的科学家说他们的直觉一贯正确,其余的人则说有10%~90%不等的直觉后来被证明是正确的。即使如此,这也可能是比实际情况乐观的估计,因为成功的例子往往比失败的例子容易被记住。
直觉的产生常常是在对某一问题进行了一段时间专注的研究并渴求解决却放下工作转而考虑其他事情的时候,这时一个肯定的想法却戏剧性地突然到来,人们会因此而感到狂喜甚至惊奇。这种现象的心理原因现在仍未被充分理解。一般的看法认为,直觉产生于大脑的下意识活动。这时大脑也许已经不再自觉注意这个问题了,然而却还在通过下意识活动思考它。产生于不自觉思考时的新设想,往往会带来某种情感反应:感到高兴,或许有点兴奋。与此同时,由该问题所引起的一切烦恼沮丧,也顿时烟消云散。
直觉的心理学研究表明:暂时摆脱争夺注意力的难题或由此引起的烦恼,再经过一段时间的休息,这都有助于直觉的出现。爱因斯坦说他有关时间和空间的深奥概括是在病床上想到的;魏格纳也是在病榻上观察地图才产生板块构造说的灵感的……贝克认为,最理想的时间,是躺在澡盆中的时间,这也许是由于此时此刻完全不受其他干扰,或许还存在着催人梦幻的条件。还有人证明,悠闲或从事轻松的活动,如在乡间散步,或在花园里莳花弄草,对产生直觉是很有好处的。精神高度集中地考虑一个问题,时间过久可能会造成思想堵塞,就像在竭力回忆一件从记忆中消失的事情时往往出现的情况一样。
华勒斯认为,直觉总是出现在意识的边缘而不是中心。他认为应该花力气去捕捉直觉,密切注意出现在思想的支流和回浪中而不是主流中的有价值的设想。据说,有些人在直觉出现以前有某种预感。他们感到某种直觉性质的东西即将出现,但并不能确切地知道究竟是什么,华勒斯称其为“暗示”,这种现象似乎并不普遍。情感上的敏感
A. 借助于大脑的下意识活动,让大脑处在无自觉注意的状态。
B. 必须有某种情感反应,或高兴,或兴奋,以排除烦恼沮丧。
C. 同回忆一件从记忆中消失的事情一样,清除思想的堵塞。
D. 暂时摆脱自觉思考的难题或烦恼,休息或从事轻松的活动。
If books had never been discovered, man would have found some other way of recording his communication. But then, for our consideration, we should include as books everything that is a written record. This would include tablets, papyrus and anything else-including computer diskettes. In the case of music, it would be impossible to think that man can live without it. Looking at primitive cultures, it appears that music is actually a part of the human psyche. When two things are knocked together, music is produced. So for the sake of our discussion, it is intended to restrict the meaning of music to the popularly accepted concept. Music is the pleasing combination of sounds that we like to listen to.
Though it is difficult to, we can pretend that these things never existed. In this case we would not miss them today. To compare with recent inventions, let us look at radio and television Though we cannot think of life without them today, this is so only from comparatively rec
A. Because it is a convenience like the Internet.
B. Because we will lose a deep part of ourselves.
C. Because we won’t have smiles on our faces anymore.
D. Because philosophies like Plato’s would not exist.
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