The once-seen-everywhere cafeteria tray, with so many glasses of soda, juice and milk lined up across the top, could soon join the typewriter as a campus relic. Scores of colleges and universities across the country are shelving the trays in hopes of conserving water, cutting food waste and saving money. Some even believe trayless cafeterias could help avoid the dreaded "freshman 15"—the number of pounds supposedly gained in the first year on campus.
The Sustainable Endowments Institute (可持续捐助研究院), a research organization that tracks environmental practices at the 300 colleges and universities with the largest endowments, said that 126 of them had reduced use of trays, some of them getting rid of trays only in certain dining halls, and some introducing, for example, "trayless Tuesdays". Such moves are often part of a larger push to embrace environmentalism that includes hiring sustainability coordinators, introducing solar panels, disposing dinin
A. Because it can help colleges and universities save money on the cost of food.
B. Because colleges and universities don’t want their students to gain much weight.
C. Because it can make students have the habit of saving water, food and money.
D. Because colleges and universities find it hard to have enough shelves for trays.
哈尔·沃金斯是圣安医院的采购主任。2008年2月底的时候,他就准备为一次性外科手术巾选定一家供应商。圣安医院的两个供应商都认为这份合同会落在他们手中,而哈尔也不知道应该如何处理。圣安医院圣安医院是一家国办的教学医院,拥有24间手术室和910张病床。在过去十年中,同大多数医院一样,圣安医院也大幅度地削减了预算,并且仍有较大的财务压力。为了对财务成本加以控制,医院限制并制定了外科医生每年的手术预算,用以支付人员工资以及设备和医疗用品的费用。这项政策极大地引起了医生们对成本的关注,因为一旦预算用完后,他们就无法再进行手术,因此也就不会赚到任何佣金。采购采购部门共有15人,职责是购买医院所有的医疗和非医疗用品。采购部的主任哈尔·沃金斯受雇于2007年8月。每年手术用的医疗用品价值达150万美元,其中大约价值80万美元的用品从泰勒医疗用品公司采购,50万美元的用品从阿尔法产品公司采购,其余的用品由另外两家医疗产品供应商提供。在选择医疗用品时,圣安医院依据两种评价:有关医护人员的临床评价以及采购部门的财务评价。从传统上说,临床评价在采购决策中起主要作用。如果医生想要某种产品,采购部门就订购这种产品。在这种体制下,医院分别从大量供应商中采购相对很少的数量。但是现在,由于预算紧缩,情况发生了变化,圣安医院已经使用了《主要供应商协议》。与阿尔法公司的协议两个月前到期,并且已经进行了重新谈判;与泰勒公司的则又续签四年。在这些协议的规定条款下,在购买协议中规定的产品时,供货商将提供1.5%~2%的数量折扣;而作为交换条件,供应商享有这些产品的优先或独家供货权。由于订货是靠数量来获取折扣的。采购部门不得不说服医生们使用协议中规定的产品,而不是像以前那样使用他们所选择的产品。采购部门实现这一做法是通过将折扣的金额返还到医生的手术预算中,这样,医生可以把这些钱用在其他方面(人员工资除外)。
一次性手术巾手术巾是在手术中用来遮盖病人的。它是很大的一块布。在某些地方剪掉一小块(切口),以便在那里进行某种外科手术。过去,圣安医院一直使用重复可用的麻布巾,但现在觉得换用最近新开发的一次性手术巾可能会节约成本。尽管财务分析对一次性手术巾很有利,但最终决定前还必须进行临床评价,圣安医院决定对阿尔法产品公司的一次性手术巾进行试验。临床评价也对此给予肯定
Wise buying is a positive way in which you can make your money go further. The ()you go about purchasing an article or a service can actually ()you money or can add ()the cost.
Take the ()example of a hairdryer. If you are buying a hairdryer, you might ()that you are making the ()buy if you choose one ()look you like and which is also the cheapest ()price. But when you get it home you may find that it ()twice as long as a more expensive ()to dry your hair. The cost of the electricity plus the cost of your time could well ()your hairdryer the most expensive one of all.
So what principles should you ()when you go out shopping?
If you ()your home, your car or any valuable ()in excellent condition, you’ll be saving money in the long ()
Before you buy a new (),talk to someone who owns one. If you can, use it or borrow it to check it suits your particular ()
Before you buy an expensive (),or a service, do check the price and ()is on offer. If pos
A. easy
B. single
C. simple
D. similar
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