The carrot - and - stick theory of motivation ( like Newtonian physical theory) works reasonably well under certain circumstances. 46)The means for satisfying man s physiological and (within limits) his safety needs can be provided or with held by management. Employment itself is such a means, and so are wages, working conditions, and benefits. By these means the individual can be controlled so long as he is struggling for subsistence.
But the carrot - and - stick theory does not work at all once man has reached an adequate subsistence level and is motivated primarily by higher needs. Management cannot provide a man with self - respect, or with the respect of his fellows, or with the satisfaction of needs for self - fulfillment. 47) It can create such conditions that he is encouraged and enabled to seek such satisfactions for himself, or it can thwart him by failing to create those conditions.
But this creation of conditions is not control . It is no
Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.
To start with, it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history, and will continue to do so. Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today. It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized. In terms of energy use and the nutrients captured in the product it was relatively inefficient.
Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolutio
A. To remind people of the need of sustainable development.
B. To suggest ways of ensuring sustainable food production.
C. To advance new criteria for measuring farming progress.
D. To urge people to rethink what sustainable agriculture is.
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