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The uniqueness of the Japanese character is the result of two seemingly contradictory forces: the strength of traditions, and the selective receptivity to foreign achievements and inventions. As early as 1860s there were counter movement to traditional orientation. One of the fan, us spokesmen of Japan’s "Enlightenment" claimed "the Confucian civilization of the East seems to me to lack two things possessed by Western civilization: science in the material sphere and a sense of independence in the spiritual sphere." Another break of relative liberalism followed World War I, when the democratic idealism of President Woodrow Wilson had an important impact on Japanese intellectuals and, especially, students; but more important was the Leninist ideology of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Again, in the early 1930s, nationalism and militarism became dominant.
Following the end of World War Ⅱ, substantial changes were undertaken in J
A. the traditional culture should be replaced by western civilization.
B. Japanese ought to forsake the Confucian civilization of the East.
C. the Confucian civilization in Japan should be revived.
D. Japan should introduce western civilization.
人工智能是一门新兴的边缘学科，这项技术是一个有可能导致对社会产生重大影响的新技术。它主要研究怎么能使计算机来做原来只有人工才能做的具有智能性质的工作。智能，是指人在脑力活动中所表现出来的能力，如感知观察能力、记忆能力、逻辑思维能力和语言表达能力等。
有关人工智能研究，目前有两种不同的探索途径来实现对人脑智能的模拟：一是通过仿生学手段，从结构上进行模拟，以达到功能模拟。目前科学家正在想方设法“确定人类的思维模式”，即弄清大脑中的1000多亿个神经元是如何工作的。另一个是直接通过启发式程序模拟人脑能力。目前，在制造某些专业化机器时，这一研究已取得一个又一个成功。如能识别邮政编码的机器、能读取支票信息的机器。不久前，国际商用机器公司的“深蓝”击败了国际象棋大师卡斯帕罗夫，说明在这一领域科学家已取得了实质性的进展。也有科学家在设想把机器人与一部百科全书相连，这样它就“懂得”了许多事情，一个机器人就可完成多项工作。
人工智能仍有它的局限性。首先是在学习方面。对一个人来说，学习和掌握知识是一件十分自然的事，但要让机器也这样做就相当困难了。当一个孩子发现自己的想法不再能够解释周围世界的时候，他就会去学习，改变它，他也因此而成熟起来。这一神秘的变化对于没有创造力的计算机来说，实在是一个无法解决的问题。另外还有感觉及观察方面。人可以感觉到空气的不新鲜而主动打开窗户换一下新鲜空气。机器人能否用自己掌握的物理知识对周围环境做出判断，这是一个难题。不过，有关的程序仍在不断取得进展。在向机器说明人类是如何理解事物这方面，人们的步子迈得越来越大。一些革命性的软件不断问世。例如，美国人道格拉斯莱纳特设计的“EURISKO’’软件就是其中之一。这种软件能够按照自然淘汰的法则自己修改所贮存的内容和规则。
Electronic or "cyber" warfare holds the promise of destroying an army’s or even a whole nation’s--ability to function without hurting human life. The technology is reaching the point, however, where cyber warfare may be decisive in its own right. (46) In highly centralized military operations, communications and data management have become essential tools linking individual small units and the central command structure.
The neutron bomb is one of the most horrid weapons ever devised: It doesn’t damage property; it only kills higher life-forms. (47) Wouldn’t the opposite be wonderful, a device like the robot’s ray in The Day the Earth Stood Still, which melts down weapons but not soldiers Electronic or "cyber" warfare--hacking into an enemy’s computers, jamming radio transmissions, and the like--holds that promise. It can destroy an army’s--or even a whole nation’s--ability to function, but d
| 目前临床上广泛使用的基托材料为热凝基托材料，使用时需按规定比例将牙托水和牙托粉调合。调合后，会发生一系列的物理变化 |
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