1916年，随着联合汽车公司并入“通用”，阿尔弗雷德•斯隆出任通用副总裁。作为通用副总裁的斯隆，发觉到通用管理上存在的间题。他先后写了3份分析通用内部管理弱点的报告。但是，总裁杜兰特只是赞赏，不予采纳。到了1920～1921年的经济危机期间，“通用”在经营管理上的问题彻底暴露出来了。公司危机四伏，摇摇欲坠。这时杜兰特引咎辞职，皮埃尔•S•杜邦兼任总经理。斯隆在他的支持下，开始了改革的进程。这场改革从1921年一直持续了10年。
斯隆分析了“通用”公司的弊病，指出公司过去将领导权完全集中在少数高级领导人身上，他们事无巨细，大包大揽，反而事与愿违，造成了公司各部门失去控制的局面。他认为，大公司较为完善的组织管理体制，应以集中管理与分散经营二者之间的协调为基础。只有在这两种显然相互冲突的原则之间取得平衡，把两者的优点结合起来，才能获得最好的效果。由此他认为，通用公司应采取“分散经营、协调控制”的组织体制。根据这一思想，斯隆提出了改组通用公司的组织机构的计划，并第一次提出了事业部制的概念。
1920年12月30日，斯隆的计划得到公司董事会的一致同意。次年1月3比这个计划开始在通用公司推行。
斯隆以后的10年中，改组了通用汽车公司。斯隆将管理部门分成参谋部和前线工作部(前者是在总部进行工作，后者负责各个方面的经营活动)的做法很为大家熟悉，这种分组在19世纪较大的铁路公司里已经成形。现代军队，特别是普鲁士军队也率先使用了这种组织形式，许多概念同时在工业公司里获得发展。斯隆也确实用过军事方面的例子来说明他正要在通用汽车公司里干什么。
斯隆在通用汽车公司创造了一个多部门的结构。他废除了杜兰特的许多附属机构，将力量最强的汽车制造单位集中成几个部门。这种战略现在人们已经熟悉，但在当时是第一流的主意并且出色地执行了。多年后斯隆这样说明：我们的产品品种是有缺陷的。通用汽车公司生产一系列不同的汽车，聪明的办法是造出价格尽可能各有不同的汽车，就好象一个指挥一次战役的将军希望在可能遭到进攻的每个地方都要有一支军队一样。“我们的车在一些地方太多，而在另一些地方却没有。”首先要
A. 它是一种集中指导下的分权管理形式
B. 它又称为斯隆模型
C. 各事业部具有相对独立的利益和自主权
D. 各事业部之间协调方便
While it’s true that just about every cell in the body has the instructions to make a complete human, most of those instructions are inactivated, and with good reason. The last thing you want is for your brain cells to start producing stomach acid or your nose to turn into a kidney. The only time ceils truly have the potential to turn into any and all body parts is very early in a pregnancy, when so-called stem cells haven’t begun to specialize.
Yet this untapped potential could be a terrific boon to medicine. Most diseases involve the death of healthy cells--brain cells in Alzheimer’s, cardiac cells in heart disease, pancreatic cells in diabetes, to name a few. If doctors could isolate stem cells, then direct their growth, they might be able to furnish patients with healthy replacement tissue. It was incredibly difficult, but last fall scientists at the University of Wisconsin managed to isolate stem cells and get them to grow into neural, muscle and bo
A. Human cloning is a technical impossibility.
B. Human cloning may cause ethical concerns.
C. Cloning contributes to understanding of stem cells.
D. The potential medical values of cloning have been exaggerated.
Millions of dollars often depend on the choice of which commercial to use in launching a new product. So you show the commercials to a (1) of typical consumers and ask their opinion. The answers you get can sometimes lead you into a big (2) . Respondents may lie just to be polite.
Now some companies and major advertising (3) have been hiring voice detectives who test your normal voice and then record you on tape (4) commenting on a product. A computer analyzes the degree and direction of change (5) normal. One kind of divergence of pitch means the subject (6) Another kind means he was really enthusiastic. In a testing of two commercials (7) children, they were. vocally, about equally (8) of both. but the computer reported their emotional (9) in the two was totally different.
Most major commercials are sent for testing to theaters (10) with various electronic measuring devices. People regarded as
A. toward
B. into
C. from
D. to
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