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It is known that the brain shrinks as the body ages, but the effects on mental ability are different from person to person: Interestingly, in a study of elderly men and women, those who had more education actually had more brain shrinkage, "That may seem like bad news," said, study author Dr. Edward Coffey, a professor of psychiatry and neurology at Henry Ford Health System in Detroit. However, he explained, the finding suggests that education allows people to withstand more brain-tissue loss before their mental functioning begins to break down. The study is the first to provide biological evidence to support a concept called the "reserve" hypothesis, according to the researchers. In recent years, investigators have developed the idea that people who are more educated have greater cognitive reserves to draw upon as the brain ages; in essence, they have more brain tissue to spare.
Examining brain scans of 320 healthy men and women
A. Brains of the more-educated people may become more contracted when they get aged
B. Education may do harm to people's brains
C. More educated people may suffer from brain tissue loss
D. The less educated can resort to more cognitive reserves when aged
Passage Four
Dressing fashionably was very important in fourteenth-century Spain. This was especially true for any man who considered himself an aristocrat or dandy. Before going out, a well-dressed man would put on his finest boots, one of his embroidered caps and his favorite beard, dyed to match the color of his clothing.
Believe it or not, false beards were once as popular as neckties are today. Beards had for years considered a sign of strength and manhood, and the bigger and thicker they were, the better. Those unfortunates who had little facial hair were forced by custom into wearing false beards made of horsehair. Soon, however man in the Spanish fashion world was wearing them too, while many quite substantial real beards were shaved off to make way for the false variety.
By day, the fashionable dandy might wear a yellow or a crimson beard to impress his friends, but in the evening a long black beard was proper for serenading his senorita, A
A. giving old or humorous examples
B. using convincing arguments
C. giving eyewitness accounts
D. saying that Philip IV of Aragon put a stop to it
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