[填空题]Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.
Recently a sociologist from the University of New Hampshire, Murray Straus, presented a paper suggesting that corporal punishment leaves a long-lasting mark—in the form of lower IQ. Straus found that kids who were physically punished had up to a five-point lower IQ score than kids who weren’t—the more children were spanked, the lower their IQ—and that the effect could be seen not only in individual children, but across entire nations. Straus found that countries with higher GDP tended to be those where corporal punishment was used less often. In the U. S., the tendency to hit also varies with income, geography and culture.
So how might getting spanked on the butt actually affect the workings of the brain Straus notes that being spanked or hit is associated with fright and stress; kids who experience that kind of trauma (创伤)have a harder time focusing and learning.
It’s not clear if spanking ca

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