The history of African-Americans during the past 400 years is traditionally narrated (21) an ongoing straggle against (22) and indifference on the part of the American mainstream, and a straggle (23) as an upward movement is (24) toward ever more justice and opportunity. Technology in and of (25) is not at fault; it’s much too simple to say that gunpowder or agricultural machinery or fiber optics (26) been the enemy of an (27) group of people. A certain machine is put (28) work in a certain way-the purpose (29) which it was designed. The people who design the machines are not intent on unleashing chaos; they are usually trying to (30) a task more quickly, cleanly, or cheaply, (31) the imperative of innovation and efficiency that has ruled Western civilization (32) the Renaissance.
Mastery of technology is second only (33) money as the true measure of accomplishment in this cou
A. servicing
B. encircle
C. encircling
D. served
Pity those who aspire to put the initials Ph.D after their names. After 16 years of closely supervised education, prospective doctors of philosophy are left more or less alone to write the equivalent of a large book. Most social-science postgraduates have still not completed their theses by the time their grant runs out after three years. They must then get a job and finish in their spare time, which can often take a further three. By then, most new doctors are sick to death of the narrowly defined subject, which has blighted their holidays and mined their evenings.
The Economic and Social Research Council, which gives grants to postgraduate social scientists, wants to get better value for money by cutting short this agony. It would like to see faster completion rates: until recently, only about 25% of Ph.D candidates were finishing within four years. The ESRC’S response has been to stop Ph.D grants to
A. that Ph.D students were less modest in their aims
B. that more students were carrying out knowledge-based studies
C. more systematic teaching of research skills
D. higher standards of Ph.D students’ theses and more ambitious doctoral topics
我来回答:
