[简答题]四、

简笔与繁笔

周先慎

①从来的文章家都提倡简练，而列繁冗拖沓为作文病忌。这诚然是不错的。然而，文章的繁简又不可单以文字的多寡论。言简意赅，是凝炼、厚重；言简意少，却不过是平淡、单薄。“繁”呢，有时也自有它的好处：描摹物态，求其穷形尽相；刻画心理，能使细致入微。有时，真是非繁不足以达其妙处。这可称为以繁胜简。看文学大师们的创作，有时用简：惜墨如金，力求数字乃至一字传神。有时使繁：用墨如泼，汩汩滔滔，虽十、百、千字亦在所不惜。简笔与繁笔，各得其宜，各尽其妙。
②一部《水浒传》，洋洋洒洒百万言，作者却并不因为是写长篇就滥用笔墨。有时用笔极为俭省，譬如“武松打虎”那一段，作者写景阳冈上的山神庙，着“破落”二字，便点染出大虫出没、人迹罕到景象。待武松走上冈子时，又这样写道：“回头看这日色时，渐渐地坠下去了。”真是令人毛骨悚然。难怪金圣叹读到这里，不由得写了这么一句：“我当此时，便没虎来也要大哭。”最出色的要数“林教头风雪山神庙”，写那纷纷扬扬的漫天大雪，只一句：“那雪正下得紧。”一个“紧”字，境界全出，鲁迅先生赞扬它富有“神韵”，当之无愧。
③以上是说用简笔用的好。同一部《水浒传》，有时却又不避其繁。看作者写鲁智深三拳打死“镇关西”：鼻上一拳，“打得鲜血进流，鼻子歪在半边，却便似开了个油酱铺：咸的、酸的、辣的，一发都滚出来。”眼眶际眉梢又一拳，“打得眼棱缝裂，乌珠进出，也似开了个彩帛铺的：红的、黑的、绛的，都绽将出来。”第三拳，“太阳上正着，却似做了一个全堂水陆的道场：磬儿、钹儿、铙儿，一齐响。”从味觉写，从视觉写，从听觉写，作了一大串形容，若是单从字面上求简，这三拳只须说：“打得鲜血进流，乌珠进出，两耳轰鸣”，便足够了。然而简则简矣，却走了“神韵”，失掉了原文强烈地感染读者的鲁智深伸张正义、惩罚恶人时那痛快淋漓劲儿。
④字面上的简不等于精练，艺术表现上的繁笔，也有别于通常所说的哆嗦。鲁迅是很讲究精练的，但他有时却有意采用繁笔，甚而至于借重“哆嗦”。《社戏》里写“我”早年看戏，感到索然寡味，却又焦躁不安地等待那名角小叫天出场，“……于是看小旦唱，看

About 50 years ago the idea of disabled people doing sports was never heard of. But when the annual games for the disabled were started at Stroke Mandeville, England in 1948 by Sir Ludwing Guttmann, the situation began to change. Sir Ludwing Guttmann, who had been driven to England in 1939 from Nazi Germany,had been asked by the British government to set up an injuries centre at Stroke Mandeville Hospital near London. His ideas about treating injuries included sports for the disabled.
In the first games just two teams of injured soldiers took part. The next year, 1949 ,five teams took part. From those beginnings things developed fast. Teams now come from abroad to Stroke Mandeville every year. In 1960 the first Olympics for the Disabled were held in Rome. Now, every four years the Olympic Games for the Disabled are held, if possible, in the same place as the normal Olympic Games, although they are organized separately. In other years Games for the Disabled are still held
A. one of the organizers of the games for the disabled
B. a disabled who once took part in the games
C. against holding the games for the disabled
D. in favor of holding the game for the disabled