经济资源一般是可以有多种用途的,但一定的资源用来生产某种产品后,就不可能用来生产其他产品,这就意味着,一定数量的资源用来生产某种产品时,就必须放弃别种产品的生产。
当把一定的资源用来生产某种产品时所放弃的别种产品的最大产量(产值),就是这种产品的机会成本。例如,土地可以有多种用途,既可以种稻谷,也可种棉花、蔬菜或其他农作物。假如有一亩土地,用来种粮食,可产稻谷500公斤,价值800元;如果用来种棉花,投入同样多的资本与劳动可产棉花100公斤,价值700元,则这一亩土地用来生产粮食的机会成本是100公斤棉花或700元。
同样,用来生产棉花的机会成本就是500公斤稻谷或800元。机会成本还可表述为,一种资源用来获得某种收入时所放弃的另一种收入。例如某学生大学毕业后,面临多种选择,可以去银行工作,年薪20000元;去某公司工作,年薪28000元;或继续深造,读研究生,收入为零。
那么,如果去公司工作,机会成本就是所放弃的到银行工作可能获得的收入20000元。如果继续读研究生,三年研究生学习的机会成本就是放弃去公司工作可能获得的收入84000元。
由此可见,所谓机会成本,实质上是指选择的代价,即“选择成本”。他可以帮助人们进行可行性研究和最优化决策。当然,运用机会成本概念时,要适合以下三个条件:第一,资源本身要有多种用途;第二,资源可以自由流动且不受限制;第三,资源能够充分利用。如果以上条件不具备,机会成本便毫无意义。
HOLIDAY HOMES IN MALLORCA
Holiday apartments in Mallorcan sailing and fishing port. Quiet even in summer season. Beautifully situated apartments with views of sea and mountains, yet near to shops and restaurants. Cars and bicycles for hire. Sailing and sports clubs nearby.
ITALY IN COMFORT
Luxury coach (carriage) tours of Italy, out of normal holiday season, 21 leisurely days to visit five Italian cities starting from London 1st September. The tours are guided by Professor Martin Davis, formerly Head of Italian Studies, London University. See the arts and culture of historic Italy.
KIBBUTZ IIOLIDAYS IN ISRAEL
Working holidays on a Kibbutz (co-operative farm) in Israel. All nationalities welcome for one to three months, if prepared to work morning with Kibbutz members: Accommodation, food and trips to historic sights all provided free -- you pay only for the special low-cost return flight.
TWO WEEKS ON A CARIB
A. the leisurely 21-day coach tour of Italy
B. the working holidays for 1~3 months on a farm
C. the splendid 14-day trip around the islands
D. the interesting 2-week stay in a luxurious hotel
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