| In ancient times the most important
examinations were spoken, not written. In the schools of ancient Greece and
Rome, testing usually consisted of reading poetry aloud or giving
speeches. In the European universities of the Middle Ages, students who were working for advanced degrees had to discuss questions in their field of study with people who had made a special study of the subject. This custom exists today as part of the process of testing candidates for the doctor’s degree. Generally, however, modern examinations are written. The written examination, where all students are tested on the same question, was probably not known until the nineteenth century. Perhaps it came into existence with the great increase in population and the development of modern industry. A room full of candidates for a state examination, A. before the Middle Ages B. around the 19 th century C. in Greece or Rome D. machines to take tests [单项选择]动物结核病的临诊表现类型不包括（）。
A. 肺结核 B. 肠结核 C. 淋巴结核 D. 乳房结核 E. 肝结核 [单项选择]Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
A. He left his camera at the airport. B. He enjoyed using his new camera. C. He lost his new camera on his trip. D. He left his camera in his friend’s car. [简答题]车站值班员在接到运营调度发布的手摇道岔作业命令后，应通知手摇道岔作业人员、值班站长带好所有手摇道岔作业工具至( )待命，做好手摇道岔作业准备工作。
[单项选择]国际劳工公约具有渗入国内法调节各国劳动关系的( )。
A. 共同属性 B. 独特性质 C. 利益 D. 标准 我来回答: 提交
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